600 THE CRANIAL NERVES. 



from the branch of the third nerve to the inferior oblique muscle, and is 

 connected with the lower part of the ganglion. The third root is a very 

 small nerve which emanates from the cavernous plexus of the sympathetic, 

 and reaches the ganglion with the long upper root : these two nerves are 

 sometimes conjoined before reaching the ganglion. Other roots have been 

 assigned to the ganglion. (Valentin, in Miiller's Archiv. for 1840.) 



Brandies of the ganglion. From the fore part of the ganglion arise ten 

 or twelve delicate filaments the short ciliary nerves. These nerves are 

 disposed in two fasciculi, arising from the upper and lower angles of the 

 ganglion, and they run forwards, one set above, the other below the optic 

 nerve, the latter being the more numerous. They are accompanied by fila- 

 ments from the nasal nerve (long ciliary), with which some are joined. Having 

 entered the eyeball by apertures in the back part of the sclerotic coat, the 

 nerves are lodged in grooves on its inner surface ; and at the ciliary muscle, 

 which they pierce (some filaments supplying it and the cornea), they turn 

 inwards and ramify in the iris. 



SUPERIOR MAXILLARY NERVE. 



The superior maxillary nerve, or second division of the fifth cranial nerve, 

 is intermediate in size between the ophthalmic and the inferior maxillary 

 trunks. 



It commences at the middle of the Gasserian ganglion, and, passing hori- 

 zontally forwards, soon leaves the skull by the foramen rotuudum of the 

 sphenoid bone. The nerve then crosses the spheno-maxillary fossa, and 

 enters the infraorbital canal of the upper maxilla, by which it is conducted 

 to the face. After emerging from the infraorbital foramen, it terminates 

 beneath the elevator of the upper lip in branches which spread out to the 

 side of the nose, the eyelid, and the upper lip. 



Branches. In the spheno-maxillary fossa a temporo-malar branch 

 ascends from the superior maxillary nerve to the orbit, and two spheno- 

 palatine branches descend to join Meckel's ganglion. Whilst the nerve is 

 in contact with the upper maxilla, it furnishes two posterior dental branches 

 on the tuberosity of the bone, and an anterior dental branch at the fore part. 

 On the ace are the terminal branches already indicated. 



ORBITAL BRANCH. 



The orbital or temporo-malar branch, a small cutaneous nerve, enters the 

 orbit by the spheno-maxillary fissure, and divides into two branches 

 (temporal and malar), which pierce the malar bone, and are distributed to 

 the temple and the prominent part of the cheek. 



a. The temporal branch is contained in an osseous groove or canal in the 

 outer wall of the orbit, and leaves this cavity by a foramen in the malar 

 bone. When about to traverse the bone, it is joined by a communicating 

 filament (in some cases, two filaments) from the lachrymal nerve. The 

 nerve is then inclined upwards in the temporal fossa between the bone and 

 the temporal muscle, perforates the aponeurosis over the muscle an inch 

 above the zygoma, and ends in cutaneous filaments over the temple. The 

 cutaneous ramifications are united with the facial nerve, and sometimes 

 with the superficial temporal nerve of the third division of the fifth. 



6. The malar branch lies at first in the loose fat in the lower angle of the 

 orbit, and is continued to the face through a foramen in the fore part of 



