ARTICULATIONS OF THE LEG AND FOOT. 1085 



here there will generally be seen the anastomoses between the external 

 malleolar and the anterior peroneal arteries (p. 449). The continuation of 

 the anterior tibial artery as the dorsal artery of the foot is to be traced 

 forwards to its junction with the plantar arch in the first interosseous space, 

 and its tarsal and metatarsal branches are to be examined with the branches 

 supplied by the latter to the three outer interospcoua spaces (p. 450). 

 Finally, the interossei muscles are to be dissected and examined in their 

 dorsal and plantar aspects (p. 291). 



8. The Knee- Joint , Ankle-Joint, and Articulations of the Foot. The 

 tendons passing near the knee-joint are, in the first place, to be cleaned ; 

 and the anastomoses of blood-vessels upon the knee are to be more particu- 

 larly examined, viz., the anastomotic branch of the femoral artery, the 

 external and internal superior articular, and external and internal inferior 

 articular branches of the popliteal artery, and the recurrent branch of the 

 anterior tibial artery. The three parts of the insertion of the tendon of the 

 semimembranosus muscle and the posterior ligament are to be exhibited 

 (p. 271): the popliteus muscle is then to be dissected out, and its tendon 

 traced to its origin (p. 285) ; the tendon of the biceps musclo is also to be 

 dissected to its insertion in connection with the external lateral ligament 

 (p. 270) ; and at the same time the internal lateral ligament is to be dis- 

 played (p. 153). In front the ligamentum patellae is to be cleaned, and 

 the extension upwards of the synovial sac of the knee-joint carefully exa- 

 mined ; the joint may then be opened by cutting into the synovial sac at 

 this place, and reflecting the remains of the quadriceps extensor femoris 

 muscle. Inside will be seen tie ligamentum mucosum, the alar ligaments, 

 and the fatty processes of the synovial membrane; the extent of the 

 synovial cavity will be carefully inspected, and with a little dissection the 

 crucial ligaments may then be brought into view. The capsule of the joint 

 ought next to be ent : rely removed, in order that the form and actions of 

 the lateral and crucial ligaments and the movements of the semilunar carti- 

 lages may be better studied. The structure of the latter will be best seen 

 after the femur has been separated from the tibia. 



The movements of the ankle-joint ought to be studied in connection with 

 those of the tarsal articulations (p. 158). Its principal ligaments are to be 

 cleaned externally, viz., the external lateral in three distinct parts, the 

 internal lateral, and the transverse or posterior. When the internal exami- 

 nation -of this joint has been completed, the superior and inferior tibio- 

 fibular articulations and the interosseous membrane are to be studied. On 

 the dorsnm of the foot the numerous short dorsal ligaments of the tarsal 

 and metatarsal bones are to be cleaned. On the sole of the foot the super- 

 ficial and deep parts of the calcaneo-cuboid ligament, the inserted tendons 

 of the tibialis posticus and peroneus longus muscles, the scaphoido-cuboid, 

 scaphoid o-cuneiform, and various other shorter ligaments are to be dissected. 



The examination of the remaining joints of the foot may then be com- 

 pleted in the following order : the posterior articulation of the astragalus and 

 calcaneum, bounded in front by the strong interosseous ligament ; the articu- 

 lation of the astragalus, calcaneum, and scaphoid, in which the inferior 

 calcaneo-scaphoid ligament is especially to be observed ; the calcaneo-cuboid 

 articulation ; the articulation between the cuboid and fourth and fifth meta- 

 tarsal bones ; the articulation between the scaphoid and cuneiform bones, 

 which passes forwards between the latter ; the articulation between the two 

 outer cuneiform bones and the second and third metatarsal bones j and the 

 articulation between the internal cuneiform and first metatarsal bone. 



