12 HHMAN PHYSIOLOGY. 



different tissues and organs. In the blood, it is held in solution by the 

 albuminous constituents. 



The Sodium and Potassium phosphates are present in most of the solids 

 and fluids, and give to them their alkaline reaction. They are chiefly 

 derived from the food. 



II. ORGANIC NON-NITROGENIZED PRINCIPLES. 



The organic non-nitrogenized principles are derived mainly from the 

 vegetable world, but are also produced within the animal body. They are 

 divided into : 1st, the carbo-hydrates, comprising starch and sugar, bodies 

 in which the oxygen and hydrogen exist in the proportion to form water, 

 the amount of carbon being variable ; 2d, the hydro- carbons, comprising 

 fats, bodies having the same elements entering into their composition, 

 but with the carbon and hydrogen increased and the oxygen diminished 

 in amount. 



SUGARS. C. O. H. 



Glycogen, or Liver sugar. 

 Lactose, or Milk sugar. 

 Glucose, or Grape sugar. 

 Inosite, or Muscle sugar. 



Sugar is found in many of the tissues and fluids of the body; e.g., liver, 

 milk, placenta, blood, muscles, etc. The varieties of sugar are soluble in 

 water, assume the crystalline form upon evaporation, and are converted 

 into alcohol and carbonic acid by fermentation. Sugar is derived from the 

 food, converted, in the alimentary canal, into glucose, absorbed by the veins 

 of the portal system, and then stored up in the liver, under the form of 

 glycogen. When the system requires sugar, it is again returned to the cir- 

 culation, and plays its part in the nutritive processes of the body. It is 

 finally oxidized, and thus contributes to the formation of heat. It is finally 

 eliminated under the form of carbonic acid and water. There is no 

 experimental proof that sugar contributes directly to the formation of fat 

 in the animal body. 



FATS. c. o. H. 



Palmitin, ") Palmitic acid, ~\ 



Stearin, > Neutral Fats. Stearic acid, > Fatty Acids. 



Olein, J Oleic acid, ) 



The Neutral fats, when combined in proper proportions, constitute a 

 large part of the fatty tissue of the body ; they are soluble in ether, chloro- 

 form and hot alcohol ; insoluble in cold alcohol and water, and liquefy at 

 a high temperature ; when a neutral fat is subjected to a high temperature 



