APPENDIX. 299 



distribution, and this study led him to the theory of the 

 centres of creation, a view which is daily being con- 

 firmed by additional palaeontological results. In his 

 works, as well as in his memoirs, M. Edwards has 

 always given great prominence to external description 

 and to anatomy, and moreover he never separates the 

 study of the function from that of the organs. It was 

 by assuming this point of view that he was led to pro- 

 pose the principle of the division of physiological labour, 

 a principle which has thrown an entirely new light upon 

 some of the most difficult questions in Zoology. M. Ed- 

 wards has given a general resume of his scientific views 

 in a work entitled Elements de Zoologie Generale. 



We must not confound M. Milne Edwards, the zoologist, 

 with his elder brother, William Edwards, who was also 

 a member of the Institute (Academy of Moral and Po- 

 litical Sciences). This brother died at Paris in 1844, 

 and was much older than the zoologist. After having 

 studied medicine he first turned his attention to expe- 

 rimental physiology, and published on this subject a 

 capital work, which has been too much neglected 

 by some of our modern physiologists, and which bore 

 the title De V Influence des Agents Physiques sur la Vie. 

 He afterwards turned his attention to ethnology, which 

 soon entirely absorbed him. His researches on the 

 Gaels and the Kimri, the results of which he applied to 

 several European nations, were the means of obtaining for 

 him a place in the Institute. The latter years of his life 

 were devoted to the prosecution of a great work on lan- 

 guages which he was unable to complete, and of which one 

 part appeared after his death under the title of Recherches 

 sur les Langues Celtiques. 



Audouin, a member of the Institute (Academy of 

 Sciences) and Professor at the Jardin des Plantes, was 

 born at Paris, in 1797, and died in 1841. Although ori- 



