28 Practicum IV The Intestine. 



d. The intestinal mucosa lacks the VALVUL^ CONNIVENTES or trans- 

 verse ridges that exist in man. 



e. Although the valvulae conniventes are absent from the cat's intestine a good idea 

 of their nature as folds of the mucosa may be gained from the rugae of the stomach, 

 although the latter are only temporary. 



f. The velvety feel of the intestinal mucosa is due to the VILLI ; 

 these may be seen with a lens. 



g. Grasp the bile-duct and look for the orifice by which it enters the 

 duodenum. 



23. The Large Intestine, The longer, intermediate portion of the 

 large intestine is the COLON, cl.; the three portions, ^ascending " "trans- 

 verse" and ^descending ," are less easily distinguished than in man ; the 

 caudal portion, lodged mostly in the pelvis and terminating at the ANUS, 

 is nearly straight and is called the RECTUM. 



a. Bi-ligate the rectum ( 20) and remove the rest of the intestine. 

 If desired the cecum with the adjoining portions of the colon and ilenni 

 may be opened as with the stomach ( 22) so as to show the sphincter 

 which guards the ileo-cecal orifice (Anatomical Technology, Fig. 80) ; in 

 man there is a true valvular arrangement. 



b. The regurgitation of the contents of the colon into the small intestine is further 

 guarded against by the projection of the sphincter into the former. 



24. The Cecum. As shown in PI. X this is a short part of the 

 large intestine projecting beyond the point of continuity with the small. 

 Note the absence of the slender appendix of the human cecum. 



25. The Kidneys. The LEFT KIDNEY is partly shown in PL X, 

 more fully in PL XL Both have been more fully exposed by the re- 

 moval of the other viscera. They are commonly overlaid in part by fat, 

 but it can probably be seen that the right lies a little farther cephalad, 

 the reverse of the human condition. Kidneys and fat are covered by the 

 peritoneum, and are thus, strictly speaking, ectad of the true abdominal 

 cavity ; Anatomical Technology, Fig. 78. 



26. The Adrenal. Cephalo-mesad of each kidney is a pale, lobu- 

 lated body, like a small pancreas ; this is the ADRENAL or l 'supra- renal 

 capsule," one of the ductless glands ; 15, b. The left is shown in PL 

 X, A. In man the adrenals are closely attached to the kidneys and shaped 

 like cocked hats. 



27. From the left kidney dissect off the peritoneum and fat, begin- 

 ning at its lateral margin, and lift it slightly from its bed. From the Con- 

 cave mesal side will be seen to pass mesad an ARTERY, a branch of the 

 aorta, and a VEIN from the postcava. Also, meso-caudad, extends the 

 URETER, a slender tube imbedded in fat, PL XI ; if the kidney is drawn 

 cephalad a little the ureter will be put upon the stretch so as to be more 

 easily recognized. 



28. The Urinary Bladder. If the bladder is drawn out of the 

 pelvis and turned caudad (PL XI,) it will be seen to have a narrow neck ; 

 the ureters enter the dorsal side of the neck. If the bladder still contains 

 liquid, steady pressure may expel it through the URETHRA and ectal 

 organs ; if empty, air may be introduced through a slit as with the gall- 

 bladder ( 21). 



>; 29. Dissection of the I\idney. Slit the left kindey lengthwise from 

 its convex border so as to open its cavity, the PELVIS (not to be confound- 

 ed with the region of the trunk which has the same name) ; if air is 



