THE GORILLA AND OTHER APES. 323 



the four grandparents of the father of the pair A, the other 

 four being outsiders ; while four of the eight great-grand- 

 parents of the other family of first cousins are the four 

 grandparents of the mother of the pair A, the other four 

 being outsiders. The other eight families each have eight 

 great-grandparents ; two of the families having among their 

 great-grandparents the parents of one of the grandfathers of 

 the pair A, but no other great-grandparent in common with 

 the pair A ; other two of the eight families having among 

 their great-grandparents the parents of the other grandfather 

 of the pair A; other two having among their great-grand- 

 parents the parents of one of the grandmothers of the 

 pair A; the remaining two families having among their 

 great-grandparents the parents of the other grandmother of 

 the pair A ; while in all cases the six remaining great-grand- 

 parents of each family are outsiders, in no way related, on 

 our assumption, either to the eight great-grandparents of the 

 pair A or to each other, except as connected in pairs by 

 marriage. 



Now manifestly in such a case, which, save for the 

 symmetry introduced to simplify its details, represents fairly 

 the usual relationships between any family, its first cousins, 

 and its second cousins, we should not expect to find any one 

 of the ten other families resembling the pair A more closely 

 in all respects than would any other of the ten. The two 

 first-cousin families would on the whole resemble the pair A 

 more nearly than would any of the other eight, but we should 

 expect to find some features or circumstances in which one or 

 other or all of the second-cousin families would show a 

 closer resemblance to one or other or both of the pair A. 

 This is found often, perhaps generally, to be the case, even 

 as respects the ordinary characteristics in which resemblance 

 is looked for, as complexion, height, features, manner, dis- 

 position, and so forth. Much more would it be recognized, 

 if such close investigation could be made among the various 

 families as the naturalist can make into the characteristics of 

 men and animals. The fact, then, that features of re- 



