LIST OF FIGURES. 



FIG. PAGE 



1 . The skull with the three largest sensory nerves of the face and the middle meningeal artery facing - 18 



2. A cross-section of the calvarium 18 



3. The skull with the closed frontal sinuses exposed by chiselling away the outer table and the diploe 19 



4. The right frontal sinus opened from in front 20 



5. The skull of the newborn seen from above and behind 21 



6. A cross-section of the layers of the scalp and of the cranium 25 



7. The layers of the scalp, the cranium, and the membranes of the brain facing 28 



8. The sinuses of the dura mater. The calvarium has been removed with the exception of a central arch of 



bone so that the processes of the dura mater have been left intact facing 28 



9. The base of the skull with the cranial nerves, as seen after the removal of the brain. Upon the left side the 



dura mater has been left in place and the tentorium cerebelli incised so that it is possible to look into the 

 posterior cerebral fossa. Upon the right side the dura has been removed and the places of exit of the 

 nerves are visible at the base of the skull facing 32 



10. The Gasserian ganglion (ganglion semilunare) which has been exposed in the middle cerebral fossa by the 



removal of the dura mater facing 34 



11. A frontal section in the region of the cavernous sinus facing 34 



12. A frontal section through the posterior portion of the head (frozen section). Anterior view. The section 



strikes the falx cerebri, the falx cerebelli, and the tentorium cerebelli in such a way that the cranial cavity 

 seems to contain four apparently separate compartments, in which may be seen the two cerebral and the two 

 cerebellar hemispheres 36 



13. Craniocerebral topography (after Kronlein and Froriep). Explanation in the text 37 



14. The relations of the vessels and of the facial nerve within and beneath the parotid gland. The gland has 



been divided by a vertical incision facing 40 



15. A frontal section of the bony orbits, of the nasal cavities, and of the maxillary sinuses 43 



16. A frontal section of the head through the orbital cavities and the maxillary sinuses (frozen section) facing 44 



17. A horizontal section of the head in the plane of the palpebral fissures (frozen section). The plane of section 



passes through the orbits in such a way as to show the entire length of the optic nerves as well as a portion 

 of the optic chiasm. The cerebellum lies in the posterior cerebral fossa and is covered by the tentorium 

 cerebelli, which has been left intact. In the incisura tentorii may be seen the cross-sections of the two 

 cerebral peduncles; the entire cerebrum has been removed 47 



18. A portion of the skull in which the outer wall of the maxillary sinus has been removed in order to show its 



communication with the nasal cavity and the relations of the dental alveoli to the floor of the sinus. The 

 alveoli have been perforated from below 51 



19. The lateral wall of the left nasal cavity. Almost the entire middle turbinated bone has been excised in order 



to expose the structures and orifices situated beneath it. A piece has been removed from the anterior portion 

 of the inferior turbinated bone. The original borders of these turbinated bones are indicated by dotted 

 lines. The superior turbinated bone is intact. The orifices of the left sphenoidal and frontal sinuses are 

 shown by arrows facing 52 



20. The sublingual region in a dissected median sagittal section. The tongue has been displaced downward after 



incision of the oral mucous membrane facing 52 



20 A. View of adult mouth (modified from Spalteholz) 55 



21. The pharynx, opened longitudinally from behind, with the three anterior communications: with the nasal 



cavities, with the mouth, and with the larynx 5^ 



22. A sagittal section through the mastoid process, the external auditor}- meatus, and the glenoid fossa facing 60 



ii 



