ILLUSTRATIONS. xi 



FIG. PAGE 



82. Bucephalus nose-band ...... 65 



83. Curb reversed ........ 67 



84. Chin-strap with hooks at each end .... 67 



85. Action of unjointed snaffle on horse's mouth . . 68 



86. Nutcracker action of jointed snaffle on horse's mouth 68 



87. Groom on Leicestershire hunter .... 69 



88. Kalmuck on Russian remount ..... 70 



89. Cheek of snaffle connected to cheek-piece of bridle . 72 



90. Snaffle with cheeks solidly connected to mouth-piece 73 



91. Action of curb as a lever ...... 73 



92. View of under surface of lower jaw . . . . 74 



93. Action of a curb which has no curb-chain . . . 77 



94. Properly constructed curb for ordinary hunter . . 78 



95. Angle made by the cheeks of a curb, when the reins 



are taken up . 81 



96. Side view of curb which has its port inclined forward 



at an angle of 45 81 



97. Curb-chain covered with india-rubber tube . . 84 



98. ,, with hooks ...... 85 



99. Ordinary curb-hook ' . . . . . . 85 



100. Patent " circle curb-hook " . 85 



1 01. Standing martingale buckled to caveson nose-band . 87 



102. rings of a snaffle . 88 



103. Cheshire martingale ....... 89 



104. Maximum length of standing martingale . . . 91 



105. Minimum . 93 



1 06. Improvising a standing martingale by means of a 



running one ........ 94 



107. Lord Lonsdale's registered running martingale . . 95 



1 08. A " web martingale " 96 



109. Natural position of head in canter .... 98 

 no. Measuring minimum length of running martingale . 99 

 in. Irish martingale or " spectacles " .... 100 

 112. Running martingale improvised by means of a 



branched standing martingale and two rings . . 102 



