THE BANGOR LABORATORIES. 479 



or surgery without having studied anatomy prac- 

 tically. He established a school of practical 

 anatomy, to which students flocked from all parts 

 of Europe for many years. Subsequently there 

 was an anatomical school instituted at Bologna ; 

 and in those two schools we hear the first of 

 students working in laboratories. The anatomical 

 students' working-room has for several hundred 

 years been generally recognised as an absolute 

 necessity of medical education. But I believe 

 there was no other branch of physical science 

 where students worked in the laboratory until 

 twenty years of the present century had 

 passed away. The University of Glasgow is, I 

 think, justly entitled to take some pride in the 

 great modern expansion and extension of the 

 system of giving students practical work in 

 laboratories, as an addition to the education 

 which previously had been confined almost en- 

 tirely to book-work, or, at best, to attending 

 lectures illustrated by experiments and diagrams. 

 The first chemical laboratory for students, so far 

 as I know, was that founded by a colleague of my 



