VOICE AND INSTINCT IN PIGEON HYBRIDIZATION AND PHYLOGENY. 123 



coo with less fullness, more awkwardly, and more as if it were a lost art with them. The 

 coo of the male is often quite melodious and flute-like in timbre. 



The "nest-call " of the male is of 5 syllables 3 in the first half and 2 in the second half. 

 It is very hard to describe this. It often sounds like a low barking an individual growl 

 (first syllable) followed by the first two barks (second and third syllables), emitted in con- 

 nection with rising emphasis on the second bark; then follows a closing part two barks 

 in close connection and with falling inflection, with the final bark somewhat prolonged. The 

 whole call is accurately measured in each syllable, so that there is a certain kind of melody, 

 or at least rhythmic regularity, in the call. The first syllable is really the initial vocaliza- 

 tion a sort of start necessary to the emission of the succeeding notes flowing directly 

 into the two dissyllables, into which the call proper is divided. The call proper, then, can 

 be said to consist of two distinct parts, each of which is composed of two syllables, and these 

 are preceded by an initial note which serves to set up the regular rhythm. 1 



With the first half of the nest-call the male commonly momentarily raises both wings, 

 slightly spreading them as he spreads his upraised tail. The effect of his white wing-marks 

 and of the white bar of the tail is thus made quite striking. I notice that when the female is 

 out of sight this lifting of the wings is often omitted, and that when the female approaches 

 the nest the male at once shows all his colors. There is then an evident desire to display 

 to the female. (R 31.) 



SUMMARY. 



The turtle-doves of the Old World (T. orientalis and T. turtur) are considered 

 the nearest of the living species to the ancestral dove or pigeon. Pigeons belonging 

 to families different from the turtle-doves are noted as having one or another 

 degree of the elements of the voice and the behavior of the turtle-dove. It is only 

 in these comparisons, however, that any considerable description of the voice or 

 behavior of the Japanese and European turtle-doves is given. The degree or order 

 of relationship to the turtle-doves, of the species most referred to in this volume, 

 is figured in condensed form at the beginning of the chapter. 



In hybridization, the voice and instincts of the parents are blended in the hybrid, 

 the latter possessing voice and behavior intermediate to those of the parental 

 species. Numerous examples are given. They are to be found in the descriptions of 

 all the hybrids, from the close and from the wide crosses. The data of the manu- 

 scripts do not, however, consider the second generation of hybrids. It is an open 

 question, therefore, whether the elements of voice and behavior blend or segre- 

 gate there. It seems to be a rule that the voices of hybrids are less smooth more 

 hoarse and less coordinated than those of pure-breds. The description of nearly 

 every hybrid considered refers to this fact. 



Various features of the pigeon voice and behavior, as exhibited in the different 

 species or groups, are homologized; in some cases conclusions are drawn as to the 

 lower and higher members of a group; and additional descriptions of the voice and 

 behavior of a number of species are given. 



1 The "voice" of the bronze-wing (Phaps) is given in considerable detail in Chapters II, V, and VI. The material 

 was thus divided and used because of its relation to topics in those chapters. EDITOR. 



