172 



THE PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE 



in most mature orchards, unless there is a heavy growth of 

 cover- crop to plow under. A tool for still shallower plowing is 

 shown in Fig. 65. This is excellent for orchards on light or 

 loose soils, although its height makes it more difficult to handle 



Fig. 6t>. The proper way to 

 make the wound. 



Fig. 67. The wrong way to 

 make the cut. 



about low-headed trees. For full discussions of the tilling of 

 fruit plantations, see "Principles of Fruit-Growing," Chapter iii. 

 278a. If some of the limbs are taken from an apple tree for 

 the purpose of making it bear better, the operation is pruning ; 

 if the tree is sheared or trimmed to make it round -headed, the 

 operation is training. A rose or a grape-vine may be pruned 

 by cutting away part of the wood; it may be trained on wires 

 or to the side of a house. 



