THE MANAGEMENT OF STOCK 271 



46. Water 



506. All nutriment is carried into the system, 

 and through it, by means of water. Since 

 water is the universal carrier, it should ever 

 be present in the animal tissues in quantities 

 sufficient to accomplish the desired results. Ani- 

 mals should have water at least twice a day. 



507. Animals fed a narrow ration (453) re- 

 quire more water than those which are fed a 

 wide ration. A cow in milk may require from 

 fifty to eighty pounds of water daily. If the water 

 is freezing cold, she will not drink freely and the 

 production of milk will be reduced. Moreover, 

 the water must be raised to the temperature of 

 the body by the heat generated in the animal. 

 This may require a part of the energy of the food 

 which might otherwise have been turned to some 

 useful purpose. If water at a temperature of about 

 60F. is provided for the stock in cold weather, the 

 animals will not only enjoy it, but will not re- 

 quire as much food as when compelled to drink 

 water near the freezing point. In large herds, 

 coal may well be substituted for meal in heating 

 the drinking water. 



4c. Food 



508. So many varieties of acceptable cattle 

 foods can be secured cheaply in America, that 



