314 THE PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE 



should be the length and form of stub or stump when a large limb 

 is cut away? What is the value of dressings on wounds? Men 

 tion one or two good dressings. 



Explain why we prune. What is the result of heavy pruning 

 of the top? Heavy pruning of roots? What are watersprouts? 

 What influence has the checking of growth? How may this 

 checking of growth be brought about? What is the philosophy 

 of heading-in young shoots? Explain the effects of pruning every 

 year versus heavy pruning in occasional years. 



What are the leading kinds of enemies of plants? Explain 

 the two general types of insects with reference to their methods 

 of feeding. Give illustrations in each. What are some of the 

 classes of fungous pests with reference to their manner of living? 

 What is meant by physiological or constitutional troubles? How 

 are these troubles to be distinguished? What is a fungus (292a)? 

 What is a host (2926)? 



What are the first requisites to keeping plants free of insects 

 and fungi? What is meant by prophylaxis (294a)? Name the 

 three general ways in which insects are killed. What are the 

 caustic applications? Discuss the poisonous applications. What 

 classes of materials are used as fungicides! What is Bordeaux 

 mixture? What is meant by the term "spraying?" Explain how 

 spraying should be performed. How are you to determine what 

 is the best spray pump? Is spraying alone sufficient to keep 

 plants healthy? Explain the different formulas. 



Chapter 12 



We now pass to a discussion of pastures, 

 meadows and forage. Relatively few of the agri- 

 cultural crops can be considered to be funda- 

 mental, that is, to underlie the general system 

 of agricultural practice. It is impossible in a 

 work of limited scope to discuss the cultivation 

 of many crops, but some of the principles that 



