FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 41 



Quercus tinetoria, Bartram. Black Oak. 



" macrocarpa, Michx. Bur Oak. 



" Muhleribergii, Engelm." Chestnut-Oak. 



" rubra, L. Red Oak. 

 Salix amygdaloides, Anders. Willow. 



" nigra, Marsh. Black Willow. 

 Sassafras officinale, Nees. Sassafras. 

 Thuya occidentalism L. White Cedar. Arbor Vitae. 

 Tilia Americana, L. Basswood. Linden. 

 Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. Hemlock. 

 Ulmus Americana, L. American Elm. 



" fulva, Michx. Red Elm. Slippery Elm. 



" racemosa, Thomas. Rock Elm. 



THE BEST KINDS OF TIMBER FOE FIREWOOD. 



The most prominent and best known are : 



Acer saccharinum, Wang. Sugar Maple. 



var. nigrum, Torr. & Gray. Black Sugar Maple. 

 Fagus ferruginea, Ait. Beech. 



In some regions one or more of the five kinds of hickories are employed. 

 Ironwood is very valuable, though the trees are small. All sorts of trees 

 common in a neighborhood are more or less used for fuel. The heavier 

 the wood, when seasoned, the more valuable it is for fuel. 



THE MOST DURABLE KINDS OF TIMBER FOR POSTS OR SILLS. 



Costarica sativa, Mill., var. Americana, Gray. Chestnut. 

 Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michx. Blue Ash. 

 Juglans nigra, L. Black Walnut. 

 Juniperus Virginiana, L. Red Cedar. 

 Larix Americana, Michx. Tamarack. 

 Morus rubra, L. Red Mulberry. 

 Prunus serotina, Ehrh. Black Cherry. 

 Quercus alba, L. White Oak. 



bicolor, Willd. Swamp White Oak. 

 macrocarpa, Michx. Bur Oak. 

 " Muhlenbergii, Engelm. Chestnut-oak. 

 Thuya occidentals, L. White Cedar. 

 Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. Hemlock. 



In market, white oak, swamp white oak and chestnut-oak are usually 

 indiscriminately called " white oak," although swamp white oak is generally 

 tougher and more durable than white oak. For posts, red cedar is the best, 

 but too scarce to find its way into the market. For railroad ties the oaks 

 above named are much employed, with some use of red oak and black oak, 

 hemlock, white cedar and black ash. Poles for telegraphs, telephones and 

 electric lights consist almost entirely of white cedar. For piles, oak and 

 Norway pine are the favorites. White pine logs are bored, hooped with 

 steel and tarred, and then used for water pipes below ground. White 

 pine, whitewood, and tamarack are bored for pump logs. 



FAVORITE KINDS OF TIMBER FOR THE CABINET MAKER. 



Black walnut, black cherry, and curly maple are the oldest favorites, 

 while closely following them come white ash, black ash, butternut, white 

 oak, red oak, and black oak. More recently yellow birch has been much 

 employed, and still later American elm and sycamore. Nearly all of the 



