FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 43 



TIMBER FOE PAPER PULP. 



For this purpose the clean logs of aspen, cottonwood, black or white 

 spruce and balsam fir are employed. Tamarack is good only the paper is 

 not very white. More recently several other kinds of timber have been 

 employed with success. 



TREES FOR SUGAR. 



Probably no experimenters will ever find a method of profitably making 

 syrup or sugar from the sap of any other of our native trees than sugar or 

 rock maple, black maple, and in some cases from red maple, and possibly 

 from box elder. 



TREES AND SHRUBS BEST SUITED FOR SCREENS OR WIND-BREAKS. 



For this purpose, evergreens are mostly employed. Mixed with ever- 

 greens or planted by themselves in dense rows or groups many deciduous- 

 leaved trees and shrubs are useful. Young white oaks and beeches hold 

 many of their leaves during winter and make a very good screen, but they 

 are unsightly at such times. The following are the common names of our 

 best evergreens: 



Norway pine, where not too near the dwellings, though the tree is a little coarse. 

 Red cedar, grows rather slowly and becomes brown in winter. 



White cedar, makes a dense though somewhat slow growth, and is a general favorite. 

 White pine, one of the very best. It may be cut back if desired, thus keeping the 

 trees denser and more stocky. 

 White spruce. Very good. 



We enumerate some of the best deciduous-leaved trees : 



American elm, Black maple, Pepperidge, Silver maple, 



Aspen, Black oak, Red maple, Sugar maple, 



Basswood, Box elder, Sassafras, Tulip tree. 



Beech, Mulberry, Scarlet oak, White oak. 

 Black cherry, 



In selecting shrubs to mix with trees, there is no danger of going amiss. 

 Each possesses some peculiar merit. 



Alders, for moist land, Elders, Mountain ash, Virginia creeper, 



Bladdernut, Grape vines, Mountain maple, Wild crab, 



Bittersweet, Hazels, Prickly ash, Wild plum, 



Blue beech, Hawthorns, Service berry, Willows, 



Choke cherry, Honeysuckles, Sumachs, Witch hazel. 



Dogwoods, Judas tree, Viburnums, 



SOME OF OUR WILD FRUITS AND NUTS, WITH SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING 



THEIR IMPROVEMENT. 



Considering the comparatively short length of time that North America 

 has been inhabited by civilized people, the improvement and general culti- 

 vation of so large a number of native fruits seems quite wonderful. This 

 list includes all of our blackberries and dewberries, most of our goose- 

 berries, all the hardy grapes, grown in climates like our own, all of our 

 red and yellow plums, all of the best red raspberries and black raspberries 

 and all the most valuable strawberries, All of our cultivated red or white 

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