Stands. 



Microscope Stands. 



The general form of stands of continental design, which originated in the 

 type first introduced by OBERHAUSER and was subsequently developed by 

 HARTNACK, has undergone many important alterations within the course of the 

 second half of the past century. 



The introduction of the ABBE illuminating apparatus, various new 

 features in the construction of the stage, and considerable improvement of the 

 means of focusing mark the material progress which is particularly noteworthy 

 in the case of monocular stands. 



These fundamental changes in the construction of the older universal type 

 of stand have demonstrated to us the necessity of also modifying our binocular 

 stands, originally designed by GREENOUGH, which we introduced some years ago. 



A. Illumination of the Object. 



I. Illumination by transmitted light, 



Modern microscopy relies mainly on illumination by transmitted light, with 

 a concomitant facility for a wide variation of the incident pencil both as regards 

 its angular aperture and its direction. Both these requirements are fully met 

 by the ABBE Illuminating Apparatus, first introduced by us in 1872 (see 

 "M. SCHULTZE'S Archiv fur mikrosk. Anatomie", vol. IX, 1873, pp. 469480). 

 The use of this apparatus has in the course of the last few decades become so 



