ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREES. 39 



When the pupal chamber is completed the larva turns round and 

 pupates with its head towards the entrance, and in this position passes 

 the winter. In two cases the pupae were found lying free in the bore- 

 dust under the bark, not having made a hole in which to pupate. 



The duration of the pupa stage has not been determined w T ith 

 certainty, as those under observation died, but it seems that it passes 

 the winter in this stage, the imagines emerging the following May 

 and June. 



The pupa (Fig. n) is of a creamy white colour. Length 9-11 mm. 



When the beetle is ready to leave the pupal chamber, it bores 

 through any dust left by the larva, and if the bark has peeled off, 

 it can immediately come out, but if the bark is still on, it has to bore 

 through it from the entrance of the pupal chamber, and then it is free 

 to pair and commence another life-cycle. 



The males may be distinguished from the females by their smaller 

 size and the relative length of the antennae, which in the male are a 

 little shorter than the body, while in the female they are much shorter. 



PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES. 



All larch and spruce palings should be stripped of their bark, as 

 this prevents the beetles laying their eggs thereon and the subsequent 

 attack. 



On living trees it is difficult to deal with ; the best results have so 

 far been obtained by spraying with caustic soda and paraffin. 



As a means of prevention it has been recommended that timber 

 used for fencing should be creosoted or painted with tar, but stripping 

 off the bark is much the better plan. 



THE WOOD -BORING ROSE SAWFLY. 



Emphytus cinctus, Linn. 



In many districts this insect has caused serious damage to rose 

 trees. In addition to boring into the branches, the larvae feed upon 

 the leaves. 



LIFE-HISTORY. 



The adults appear early in June and the female deposits her eggs 

 in clusters of seven or eight in minute slits on the underside of the 



