associations these cows should he weeded out and dis- 

 posed of, by preference as butchers' cows. 



1)V doing so, the dairyman will save much labor and 

 be able to attend to his work in a thorough manner, at 

 the same lime having a larger income than before. 



All hand labor should be, as far as practicable, me- 

 chanical labor. The use of milking-machines should be 

 considered in all dairies where more than 20 cows are 

 milked. 



The breeding of the cows may be so regulated that 

 all or a part of the cows will freshen in the fall. The 

 greatest amount of work connected with milking is then 

 performed in winter and more time will be available in 

 summer for the care of feed-crops. The general ex- 

 perience is also that cows calving in fall give higher re- 

 turns than those which drop their calves in spring. 



Insufficient Capital 



Clean dairying demands clean conditions, in and 

 around the stables, in the milk-house, in the feed-house 

 and in the farm-yards. The floors of stables and milk- 

 house should be made of hard material, that will not 

 absorb urine or milk (concrete is preferable.) In those 

 districts which are visited by long rainy spells the outside 

 yard should also be hardened so that it may be washed 

 and provide a clean way to the stable. The cows must 

 not be forced to wade kneedeep through mud and manure 

 just before milking. 



A part of the yard should have a roof, enabling the 

 cows to find a dry and comfortable place to lie down. A 

 sanitary milk-house with pressure water system and a 

 milk-cooling plant should be made. 



It costs money to make such arrangements as are 

 necessary for the production of clean milk. 



Many a dairyman begins his enterprise with too little 

 money and invests too much of it in cows and too little 



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