330 PROGRESS OF SCIENCE IN THE CENTURY. 



again and again at different planes of analysis 

 forms the raw material of morphology. This is the 

 science of form and structure, just as physiology is 

 the study of habit and function; the one has to do 

 with the static, the other with the dynamic aspect of 

 the organism. But the descriptive facts the raw ma- 

 terials do not constitute the science; the morphol- 

 ogist has to find unity amid manifoldness, to dis- 

 close the styles and principles of organic architecture, 

 and to recreate the Systema Naturae, not as a mere 

 classification, but as the chart of history. 



The history of morphology is, as Prof. Patrick 

 Geddes points out, parallel to that of physiology. It 

 is the history of a gradually deepening analysis. 



(1) The Organism. In early times, the answer 

 to the question: What is this? was chiefly concerned 

 with the external appearance of the intact creature, 

 its symmetry, shape, architectural plan, and the 

 like, as is expressed in the work of men like Ray 

 and Linnaeus. Even at this level the morphologists' 

 labours are not nearly completed. " Each new 

 species described means a leaf added to Linne's 

 Systema Naturae" * 



(2) The Organs. The description of external 

 characters is, however, only the beginning of mor- 

 phology; an analysis of organs is the next step, 

 which may be especially associated with the work 

 of Cuvier as zoologist, of Jussieu as botanist, and of 

 Goethe as both. This task is also an unending one, 

 " to which every new descriptive anatomical research 

 belongs as clearly as if it were published as an ap- 

 pendix to Cuvier's Regne Animal." * 



(3) The Tissues. The next logical step was 



* P. Geddes, A synthetic outline of the history of biology, 

 Proc. Boy. Soc. Edin., 1885-1886, pp. 905-911. 



