PROGRESS OF PSYCHOLOGY. 445 



dates sagacious thinkers had pointed out that the 

 flesh not only wars against the spirit, but in a humili- 

 ating way conditions its activity, the recognition of 

 the intimate correlation of body and mind is practi- 

 cally one of the great results of the nineteenth cen- 

 tury. 



The new doctrine that the brain is the organ of 

 the mind was certainly helped by the industrious 

 work of Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) and Johann 

 Gaspar Spurzheim (1776-1832) the founders of 

 phrenology, doubtless an erroneous system, but like 

 alchemy or astrology of some service to science. 

 Among the other pioneers were Magendie and Louis 

 Antoine Desmoulins who worked together on the 

 nervous system of Vertebrate animals (1825) ; 

 Charles Bell who in 1811 discovered the distinction 

 between motor and sensory nerves, afterwards con- 

 firmed by Johannes Miiller and by Magendie; Mar- 

 shall Hall, who first elucidated the phenomenon of 

 reflex action (1832) ; and Flourens who was one of 

 the first to enquire with precision into the functions 

 of different parts of the brain. 



In 1825 Boillard, working from the pathological 

 side, had tried in vain to convince his contemporaries 

 as to the existence of an articulation-centre in the 

 frontal lobe of the brain, and there were other pio- 

 neers. Little heed was paid to the idea till 1861, 

 when Broca announced his discovery that a definite 

 area in the cerebrum (Broca's centre) was concerned 

 with articulate speech. He thus initiated a more 

 intimate study of brain localisation. Fritsch and 

 Hitzig, Ferrier, Hughlings Jackson, Franck and 

 Pitres, Munk and Goltz, Horsley, Schafer, Flechsig, 

 Schrader, Steiner, have been prominent workers on 

 this line endeavouring to map out the brain into 



