474 PROGRESS OF SCIENCE IN THE CENTURY. 



subjects than as an organic and self-contained 

 science." * 



Anthropology has its physical side, based on anat- 

 omy and physiology; it has also its psychical side, 

 based (theoretically) on psychology; it has also its 

 social aspect, and leads gradually on to the incipient 

 science of inductive sociology which concentrates its 

 attention on the various forms of social organisation 

 and on their correlation with particular conditions 

 of existence. In the study of skulls, etc., anthro- 

 pology meets anatomy; but in the study of in- 

 teresting problems like that of a primitive matri- 

 archate (or maternal group) and its possible rela- 

 tions to the recognition of the family-tie and tribal 

 development, it obviously joins hands with sociology. 

 It is easy enough to confine anthropology by a defi- 

 nition to the study of individual bodily characters 

 and to make ethnology the science of the races of men, 

 but the distinction is untenable, since man is charac- 

 teristically social. 



Impulses. There were at least three impulses 

 which prompted the noteworthy advance of anthro- 

 pology in the second half of the nineteenth century. 

 (1) In many ways travelling had become easier, dis- 

 tant parts of the earth became practically near at 

 hand, and materials which were formerly scanty and 

 uncertain became abundant and secure. (2) The 

 increase of colonisation and the expanding exploita- 

 tion of the earth brought men into familiar touch 

 with races whose names were unknown to their 

 fathers, and anthropology came to have great practi- 

 cal as well as theoretical interest. (3) The influ- 

 ence of Darwin's work was especially momentous, 



* Prof. W. M. Flinders-Petrie, Address Anthropol. Section, 

 Rep. Brit. Ass., 1885. p. 816. 



