ADVANCE OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 477 



Early Tertiary, and to the roots of the Primate stock 

 to find the origin of the species Homo. A precise in- 

 vestigation of the whole Primate-group, of its extinct 

 as well as of its extant members, forms the only basis 

 on which a scientific physical anthropology can be 

 established. Without this comparative anatomical 

 foundation, all theories as to the origin of the human 

 race remain, in my opinion, wholly in the air." * 



Apart from mental development, the distinctively 

 human characters are thus summarised by Sir Wil- 

 liam Turner : " the capability of erecting the trunk, 

 the power of extending and fixing the hip and knee 

 joints when standing, the stability of the foot, the 

 range and variety of movement of the joints of the 

 upper limb, the balancing of the head on the sum- 

 mit of the spine, the mass and weight of the brain, 

 and the perfection of its internal mechanism." f 



But, as is well known, the great gap between man 

 and other living creatures is in mental life, some 

 indication of which is given by man's superiority in 

 brain-development. A man may have a brain three 

 times as heavy as a gorilla's ; the average human 

 brain weighs 48-49 ounces, the heaviest gorilla brain 

 does not exceed 20 ounces. The figures for volume 

 or cranial capacity are not less striking. ( See Keane's 

 Ethnology., p. 40.) But these figures will be seen in 

 an altogether false light unless we compare them with 

 the differences between the various kinds of monkeys. 

 The marmoset is farther below the gorilla than man 

 is above it. It is also necessary to take into account 

 the enormous variations that occur within the hu- 



* Prof. Rudolf Martin, AntJiropologie als Wissenschaft 

 und Lehrfach. Jena, 1901, p. 23. 

 t Rep. Brit. Ass., 1897, p. 788. 



