ADVANCE OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 487 



formation may be conveyed by one animal to another 

 without words at all seems a legitimate conclusion 

 from studies on the behaviour of ants, while, on the 

 other hand, there is no evidence that any animals, 

 even monkeys, have language (logos) in the stricter 

 sense; that is to say, the use of words in expressing 

 judgments. 



From his pre-human ancestry man doubtless in- 

 herited the structural arrangements which make 

 language possible, the vocal cords and their ner- 

 vous connection with a cerebral centre; but it seems 

 extremely improbable that any hint as to human 

 phonetics will be furnished by the most careful study 

 of jabbering monkeys. It seems likely that lan- 

 guage in the strict sense was altogether a human 

 product, following in the wake of that marvellous 

 stride in evolution which gave man his big and richly 

 convoluted brain. That speech helps intellectual de- 

 velopment (unless overdone) is certain, but there 

 seems more reason to say that man spoke because 

 he thought than that man thought because he was able 

 to speak. And it would be still more correct to say 

 that man became able to speak partly in virtue of 

 higher cerebral organisation and intelligence gener- 

 ally, and partly because he had gained somewhat 

 subtle nervous connections between the brain and the 

 mouth and larynx. There may have been, as there 

 still is, communication of judgments without a single 

 sentence. 



We look back in imagination to the early days of 

 our race, and we suppose that then, as in the early 

 days of individual infancy, there was " no language 

 but a cry." We remember also that the physio- 

 logical " emotional circuit " within our body affects 

 the muscular movements of heart and lungs, of 



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