ADVANCE OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 493 



evil dispositions and ignoble propensities which 

 cling about the ascending life as the grave-clothes on 

 the resurrected Lazarus but we are apt to forget 

 our heritage of good, the wrinkled brain, the quick 

 sense, the interest in kin, and how much more. 

 Such a work as Sutherland's Evolution of the Moral 

 Instincts may be cited for its wealth of evidence as 

 to the content of morality in which man's precursors 

 might well have shared, though we do not think that 

 it fairly faces the difficulty of interpreting the 

 origin of the ethical judgment, 



Must we simply fall back upon the general evo- 

 lution-factors which the biologist seeks to test: 

 Variation, sometimes transilient, often definite ; nat- 

 ural selection, whose subtlety of influence is becom- 

 ing ever clearer ; and isolation in its many forms ? 

 Or are there any particular factors, which, though 

 included in the above categories, may be specially 

 relevant to the case of man ? Or is there some un- 

 known factor in evolution which will make the whole 

 matter clear ? 



(a) Dr. Robert Munro has emphasised the impor- 

 tance to the evolving man of the erect attitude, which 

 Pithecanthropus erectus whatever he was seems to 

 have had, which the anthropoid apes (especially the 

 gibbon) have in some degree. It left the hands 

 more free for manipulation, for using a tool or 

 weapon, for feeling round things and appreciating 

 their three dimensions; it reacted on other parts of 

 the body, such as the spinal column and the pelvis, 

 even perhaps on the larynx, as Jaeger suggested. 

 In his address to the Anthropological Section of the 

 British Association in 1893, Dr. Munro directed at- 

 tention to three propositions: (1) the mechanical 

 and physical advantages of the erect position, (2) 



