314 MICRO-ORGANISMS AND FERMENTATION. 



I. SACCHAROMYCES. 



The name Saccharomyces is used to distinguish budding- 

 fungi with endogenous spore-formation. The great majority 

 of species are only known in this form, but a few can develop a 

 mycelium. In the case of one particular group of Schizo- 

 saccharomyces division of the cell takes place instead of 

 budding, exactly in the same way as with certain of the 

 mould fungi. 



In addition to these fungi many other kinds of budding 

 species occur in nature which do not display endogenous 

 spore-formation. Thanks to investigations by de Bary, Zopf, 

 Brefeld, and others, it is now known that certain of these 

 are developed from the higher fungi Vstilaginece (smut-fungi), 

 Basidiomycetes, etc. 



A glance at the following figures shows that the Saccharo- 

 mycetes may develop mycelial cells in their films. Thus 

 cultures of S. Marxianus may occur with typical branched 

 mycelium. Such formations may probably be regarded 

 as tending to show that if these fungi are afforded more 

 favourable conditions of development in nature than those 

 obtaining when they are artificially cultivated in a laboratory, 

 they are likely to develop as typical moulds. The following 

 observations of the author appears to favour this view : 

 On dried grapes, growths of Dematium-like moulds have 

 been observed with a rich formation of spores (see Fig. 45).* 

 If such growths are cultivated either in or upon a sub- 

 stratum in flasks, their spores develop only budding cells with 

 endogenous spore-formation. In the same way vigorous 

 growths of mould have been found on slices of Agave stems 

 from Mexico, which at first suggest Manilla, and give a strong 

 formation of spores. By cultivation in nutritive liquids and 

 on gelatine only Saccharomyces cells are produced. On 

 saccharine material received from Jamaica, growths of 

 moulds were found resembling Oidium, but the cells 

 also exhibit spore-formation, and by further development 



* The fungi do not possess the characteristic coloured and thick- walled resting 

 cells of Dematium puttulans. 



