384 MICRO-ORGANISMS AND FERMENTATION. 



detached at an early stage of development ; if the conditions 

 are unfavourable, bushy colonies are formed. In the mother- 

 cell from two to four elongated oval spores are formed, provided 

 with two membranes (exosporium and endosporium) (Fig. 88). 

 On germinating, the exosporium bursts near one of the 

 poles, or at the side, always with an irregular edge, and 

 crumples up to form a small indistinct residue, which usually 

 clings to one end of the endosporium. Germination and growth 

 of the spores takes place in presence of from 1-25 to 5 per cent, 

 of hydrochloric acid and 10 per cent, of sugar, at a temperature 

 of 37 C., whilst spores are formed at a temperature of 14 C. 



Saccharomycopsis capsularis Schibnning 



was discovered in an analysis of soil. The sample was taken 

 from the neighbourhood of the St. Gotthard Pass. The 

 youngest sedimentary growths in beer-wort consist of vari- 

 ously shaped cells, especially Pastor ianus forms, often having 

 stumpy ends. Within two days small islands of a film appear 

 on the surface of the liquid, consisting of typical-branched 

 mycelium with septa, partly breaking into bud and partly 

 separating into round or Oidium-like links. At a later stage 

 a few mycelium forms are found in the sedimentary yeast. 

 The covering becomes thick and uneven with a dry, white, 

 and slightly hairy appearance. In these surface cultures a 

 few spores occur later, especially in the round cells or Oidium- 

 like cells formed at the end of the threads, but occasionally 

 in the mycelium threads themselves. These spore-forming 

 cells contain a specially bright refractive protoplasm ; four 

 spores almost always form in each ascus. They are coloured 

 bright rosy red with concentrated sulphuric acid. The spores 

 have a flattened spherical shape surrounded with a fine trans- 

 verse line. During germination it can be recognised that the 

 spores are provided with a double wall (exosporium and 

 endosporium). The outer opens up into two unequal valves 

 and divides along the transverse line. The two valves are 

 fastened together at one point, and lie like a pair of mussel 

 shells round the swollen cells, which soon begin to bud. It 

 is the exosporium that gives a red coloration with sulphuric 

 acid and other mineral acids. It probably contains cork. 



