398 MICRO-ORGANISMS AND FERMENTATION. 



.and the same place on the mother - cell Will's " crown " 

 formation. They form promycelium in the film where long 

 mycelial threads are also to be found. L. van den Hulle and 

 H. van Laer found a red Torula in Lambic (a Belgian beer), 

 which decolourised wort, and imparted a bitter taste to it. 

 Will found a red species on green malt. When dried the malt 

 .assumed a dirty-brown colour. Kilned malt was discoloured 

 and not presentable. The infection was derived from steeping 

 water. 



Fischer and Bre beck's Blastoderma salmonicolor has a 

 promycelium which divides off into pear, plum, and kidney- 

 shaped cells. This species forms a tough and very wrinkled 

 film ; it is found in sea water. 



Lasche has described two red Torulas under the names 

 Mycoderma humuli and M . rubrum. The first is found on hop 

 leaves, and forms a film on nutritive liquids. Oval, sausage- 

 shaped, or, to a great extent, irregular cells frequently form 

 a promycelium, from which the buds divide. Gelatine is 

 rapidly liquefied. This species gives no fermentation, and 

 cannot develop in beer. M. rubrum, derived from a chance 

 infection on a gelatine plate, has oval or sausage-shaped cells, 

 often linked in short chains. Promycelium formation occurs 

 more frequently, and this species develops longer in wort, 

 whilst the colour of the film is a lighter red. It gives no 

 fermentation, and does not develop in beer. 



Bed Torula species occur in milk and cream, where they 

 often form red specks on the surface (air infection), as well 

 .as in butter and cheese. Demme declares that the species 

 occurring in milk and cheese is the cause of catarrh of the 

 stomach in children. 



Kramer found a top-fermentation Torula in must which pro- 

 duces a red soluble colouring matter. It ferments dextrose, and 

 produces 4-5 per cent, by volume of alcohol in a 10 per cent, 

 .solution. Saccharose is inverted by this species, and maltose is 

 directly fermented. Lactose, on the other hand, is not affected. 



The " black yeasts " are probably related to Dematium, 

 Cladosporium, or Fumago. They have been found and de- 

 scribed by Marpmann, Grotenfelt (on cheese), and Guillier- 

 mond (on carrots). 



