CENANGIUM. [ 126 ] 



then dissolved by heat and stirring. The 

 application of the heat is continued until a 

 drop of the solution let fall upon a cold sur- 

 face, becomes nearly hard. It can be ren- 

 dered thinner by the addition of more oil of 

 turpentine. 



8. Marine glue consists of caoutchouc and 

 shell-lac dissolved in coal-naphtha by the 

 aid of heat. It is sold by the microscope- 

 makers and those who mount objects. 



9. Sealing-wax varnish. Prepared by add- 

 ing enough spirit of wine to cover coarsely 

 powdered sealing-wax, and digesting at a 

 gentle heat. 



10. Shell-lac varnish. Prepared in the 

 same manner as sealing-wax varnish, shell- 

 lac being substituted for the sealing-wax. 



1 1 . White hard varnish consists of gum 

 sandarac dissolved in spirit of wine, and 

 mixed with turpentine varnish. 



1 2. White lead mixed with drying linseed- 

 oil, and the addition of oil of turpentine 

 (white paint). 



13. Wheat paste should have a few drops 

 of some essence added to it. 



14. Gum-arabic dissolved in water, with a 

 small quantity of sugar-candy and a few 

 drops of essence. 



The method of using these cements is 

 treated of under PRESERVATION. 



The varnishes should be kept in wide- 

 mouthed capped bottles, or in bottles accu- 

 rately closed by a cork, in the under part of 

 which a camel's hair pencil is inserted. 



A black colour may be imparted to any of 

 the varnishes, by mixing them with lamp- 

 black ; or any colour, by adding correspond- 

 ingly coloured sealing-wax. 



They should all be old, or kept some time 

 before use. 



CENANGIUM, Fries. A genus of Pha- 

 cidiacei (Ascomycetous Fungi) growing upon 

 dead wood, twigs, bursting through the bark 

 in the form of little cups or hollow papilla. 

 Tulasne has recently made some interesting 

 observations upon this genus, and shown that 

 the plants present two or even three kinds 

 of reproductive bodies, asci with spores, and 

 also spermagonia or pycnidia with spermatia 

 or stylospores. In C. Cerasi, Fr. the pycnidia 

 are minute tubular bodies upon the same 

 stroma as the young cupules or asciferous 

 cups; they have been described as species 

 of Spharia and as imperfect cupules of C. 

 Cerasi, but their walls are lined with basidia, 

 producing shortly stalked stylospores, which 

 are linear and flexuose, and very large, viz. 

 about 1-500" long; they exhibit three trans- 



CERAMIACE^E. 



verse septa. In this species the pycnidia are 

 found in groups, and sometimes become 

 confluent. In C.Fraxini, Tul. (PI. 20. fig. 17), 

 the pycnidia contain not only stylospores at 

 the base of the cavity, but around the upper 

 part are found spermatia seated on branched 

 articulated filaments. These organs, how- 

 ever, are not regularly co-existent, but occa- 

 sionally occur alone in a pycnidium; and 

 sometimes the spermatia occur even in the 

 asciferous cupules. The asci in the cupules 

 of C. FrangulcB line the bottom of the cups, 

 and are mixed with paraphyses ; each ascus 

 or theca contains four spores. Several other 

 species are common in Britain. 



BIBL. Berk. Hook. Er. Fl. ii. pt. 2. 211; 

 Ann. Nat. Hist. vi. 259. 2 ser. vii. 185 ; 

 Tulasne, Ann.desSc. nat. 3 ser. xx. 133. pi. 16. 



CENOMYCE. See CLADONIA. 



CEPHALOPODA. An order of Mol- 

 lusca, containing the Nautilus, the Argonaut, 

 the Cuttle-fish (Sepia), &c., with the fossil 

 Belemnites, Ammonites and Nummulites. 

 The cartilage of the cuttle-fish is noticed 

 under CARTILAGE; the dorsal plate or se- 

 piostaire under SHELL. 



The chromatoph ores or cutaneous pigment- 

 cells, and the cutaneous cellular (areolar) 

 tissue are interesting structures. 



BIBL. Siebold, Vergleich. Anat. i.; Owen, 

 Hunterian Lectures, i. and Todd's Cycl. 

 Anat. and Phys. ; V. d. Hoeven, Handb. d. 

 Zoolog. ; Cuvier, Anim. Kingd. by Blyth, 

 Mudie, Johnston, Westwood and Carpenter; 

 Forbes and Hanley, Molluscous Animals, &c. 



CEPHALOTRICHUM, Fr. A genus of 

 Dematiei ( Hy phomycetous Fungi) . C. curium 

 is an extremely minute plant growing upon 

 the leaves of Sedges, with scattered, short, 

 brown, erect filaments, bearing somewhat 

 globular heads composed of tufts of forked 

 or ternate branches, with one or two short 

 acute branchlets, slightly scabrous, bearing 

 smooth spores. 



BIBL. Berk. Ann. Nat. Hist. vi. 432. 

 pi. 12. fig. 13 ; Corda, Icones Fung. i. pi. 5. 

 tigs. 253-4. 



CERAMIACE^E. A family of Florideous 

 Algae. Rose-red or purple sea-weeds (one 

 freshwater?) with a filiform frond, consisting 

 of an articulated, branching filament, com- 

 posed of a single string of cells, sometimes 

 coated with a stratum of small cells. Fruc- 

 tification : l.favellfs; berry-like receptacles, 

 with a membranous coat, containing nume- 

 rous angular spores; 2. tetraspores, attached 

 to the ramuli or more or less immersed in 

 the substance of the branches, scattered ; 



