CLEISTOGARPI. 



[ 148 ] 



CLOSTERIUM. 



nium, and it gradually grows and rises out of 

 palese of the flowers, forming the spur or 

 ergot. This is not a metamorphosed seed 

 resulting from diseased conditions, but a real 

 new fungoid structure, the Sclerotium of 

 D.C. and others. When this ergot is sown 

 in the earth like a seed, it produces a num- 

 ber of little pedicles surmounted by thickened 

 heads, representing stalked Spharice (PI. 20. 

 fig. 18), and on these heads are ultimately 

 found fine points., which indicate the ostioles 

 of little conceptacles (fig. 19). The walls of 

 these conceptacles are lined with asci of 

 elongated clavate form (figs. 20, 21), with 

 linear, slightly clavate paraphyses. These 

 bodies are the Sphceria purpurea of Fries, 

 System. Myc. 



Our space does not admit of our entering 

 further into detail; but it must be noted 

 that very varied opinions have hitherto pre- 

 vailed as to the nature of Ergot. Smith 

 and E. Quekett, as also Leveille, Phoebus, 

 Mougeot, and Fee, regarded the ergot as a 

 mere diseased form of the seed, associated 

 with a parasitic Fungus (Sphacelia, Lev., Fee, 

 Ergotcetia, Quekett). 



The Sphacelia is often accompanied by a 

 Mucedinous fungus which is certainly not 

 the result of germination of the stylospores, 

 as might be imagined, but a distinct plant. 



Tulasne describes three species : 



1. C. purpurea, Tul. The ergot of grasses 

 Sphceria entomorrhiza, Schum.; Sphceria 

 ( Cordy ceps] purpurea, Fries; Kentrosporium 

 mitratum, Wallr.; Sphceropusfungorum,Gm- 

 bourt; Cordyceps purpurea, Fr. ; Cordyliceps 

 purpurea, Tulasne. On the flowers of 

 Grasses, such as rye, wheat, oats, and nu- 

 merous pasture grasses. 



2. C. microcephala, Tul. Kentrosporium 

 microcephalum, Wallr. ; Sphceria microce- 

 phala, Wallr.; Sphceria Acus, Trog. ; Cordy- 

 ceps purpurea, var. Acus, Desm. On Phrag- 

 mites communis and Molinia ccerulea. 



3. C. nigricans, Tul. On species of 

 Scirpus. 



BIBL. Tulasne, Ann. des Sc. nat. 3 ser. 

 xx. p. 5-53. pi. 1-4, where all the other 

 literature is reviewed. 



CLEISTOCARPI (Closed-fruited, i. e. 

 inoperculate). An artificial division of the 

 Mosses. See MUSCACE^E. 



CLENODON, Ehr. A subgenus of No- 

 tommata, containing those species which 

 have only a single tooth in each jaw. 



See NOTOMMATA. 



CLIMACOSPHENIA, Ehr. A genus 

 of Diatomacese. 



Char. Frustules cuneate, divided into lo- 

 culi by transverse septa; valves obovato- 

 lanceolate, with moniliform vittse in the 

 front view. Marine. 



C. australis. Very shortly stipitate ; sides 

 of the valves not (very faintly ?) striated. 



On Algae from New Holland and South 

 Africa. 



C. moniligera (PI. 19. fig. 9). Stipitate (?) ; 

 sides of the valves transversely striated 

 (a, front view ; b, side view). 



In the Gulf of Mexico. 



The nature of the stria? has not been de- 

 termined. 



BIBL. Ehrenb. Abh. d. Eerl. Akad. 1841, 

 401 ; id. Bericht, 1843; Kiitzing, Eacillar. 

 123, and Sp.Alg. 114. 



CLONOSTACHYS, Corda. A genus of 

 Mucedines (Hyphomycetous Fungi), appa- 

 rently not distinct fromBotrytis. See B.vera. 



BIBL. Corda, Prachtfl. europ. Schimmel- 

 bild. pi. 15.' 



CLOSTERIUM, Nitzsch. A genus of 

 Desmidiacese (Confervoid Algae). 



Char. Cells single, elongated, attenuated 

 towards each end, entire ; mostly curved lu- 

 nately or arcuate ; junction of the segments 

 marked by a pale transverse band. Endo- 

 chrome green. 



This beautiful genus is of great interest 

 to the scientific microscopic observer. Many 

 of the species are very common, so that 

 scarcely a drop can betaken from the bot- 

 tom of a clear pool without some of them 

 being contained in it. 



Each cell is composed of two equal por- 

 tions, uniting at a transverse line occupying 

 the centre of the cell. The endochrome ex- 

 hibits longitudinal bands (PI. 10. fig. 40), 

 the number varying in different species, of a 

 darker green than the rest of the endochrome 

 (PL 10. fig. 40, 41, 43). Towards each end 

 of the cell is seen, in some, a circular 

 space (fig. 40), in which are a number of 

 moving molecules. In others, these mole- 

 cules appear to exist outside the endochrome, 

 or between it and the end of the cell. A 

 circulation is also visible between the cell- 

 wall and the surface of the endochrome ; the 

 motion of the liquid is irregular, but distinct 

 currents may be seen taking various direc- 

 tions. This circulation is quite distinct from 

 the molecular motion. It requires a high 

 power (400 diameters) to see it distinctly, 

 Focke attributes it to the action of cilia, 

 which he states to exist upon the internal 

 surface of the cell-wall ; the Rev. Mr. 

 Osborne has also recently described cilia upon 



