LIVER. 



[ 400 ] 



LOPHIUM. 



rendering the lobular arrangement much 

 more distinct. 



The branches of the hepatic artery are 

 distributed to the portal vessels, the hepatic 

 ducts, Glisson's capsule with its prolonga- 

 tions, and the peritoneal coat. They are 

 often elegantly tortuous. 



Among the more common morbid states 

 of the liver, may be mentioned that called 

 cirrhosis, in which the areolar tissue is ex- 

 cessively developed and mixed with a large 

 number of fibro -plastic corpuscles, produ- 

 cing an atrophied state of the epithelial 

 structure ; an increase in the amount of 

 fatty matter in the cells (fig. 163, page 190); 

 and the presence in these also of granules of 

 the pigment of the bile, rarely with crystals 

 of cholesterine and bilifulvine. 



The examination of the arrangement of 

 the blood-vessels is best made in a liver 

 which has been injected with two kinds of 

 injection, as yellow (chromate of lead) and 

 red (vermilion), or red and white (carbonate 

 of lead) ; the yellow or white being injected 

 into the hepatic vein. As the injection is 

 being proceeded with, the surface of the 

 liver should be examined with a lens to 

 ascertain whether the intralobular veins are 

 well filled, and the injection has reached 

 the capillaries ; the red injection should 

 then^be thrown into the portal vein until 

 it is filled. The general vascular arrange- 

 ment is best observed in an injection in 

 which the capillaries themselves are not 

 filled, but only the smaller portal and hepatic 

 branches. 



To examine the ducts as to their course 

 and termination, the portal vein should first 

 be previously injected. If this be not done, 

 the injection easily bursts through the walls 

 of the terminal ducts, and escapes into the 

 intralobular plexus; and thus the appearance 

 of a plexus of vessels prolonged from the 

 terminal ducts is produced. 



The structure of the hepatic cells is easily 

 seen on scraping the surface of a section of 

 the liver, and placing the portion thus ob- 

 tained between two pieces of glass as usual. 



The general arrangement of the secreting 

 cells is observed in sections made with 

 Valentin's knife. 



In many animals, as fishes, the loading of 

 the cells of the liver with fat, which in man 

 represents the morbid state of fatty degene- 

 ration, is normal, and renders it a matter of 

 some difficulty to distinguish clearly the 

 outlines of the cells, which are also very 

 delicate. 



BIBL. Kolliker, Mikroskop. Anat. ii. ; 

 Kiernan, Phil Trans. 1833 ; H. Jones, Phil. 

 Trans. 1846 and 1849; Guillot, Ann. d. Sc. 

 nat. 3 ser. 1848 ; Leidy, Silliman's Journ. 

 1848. 



LOASACE^E. A family of Dicotyledo- 

 nous Flowering plants, with stinging hairs 

 upon the epidermis. Loaza, Bartonia and 

 Blumenbachia are often to be obtained in 

 gardens. 



LOMARIA, Willd. A genus of Pteridea?, 

 separated by some authors from Pteris, to 

 which it is closely related. Also confused 

 with Blechnum. 



LONCHITIS, Presl. A genus of Aspic- 



Fig. 414. 



Lonchites pubescens. 



A pinnule with sori. 



Magnified 10 diameters. 



nie8e(Polypodaeous Ferns). Exotic(fig. 414). 

 LOPHIUM, Fr. A genus of Phacidiacei 

 (Ascomycetous Fungi), remarkably distin- 

 guished by the form of the perithecia resem- 

 bling a bivalve shell with the valves in situ 

 (figs. 415 & 416). The nucleus contained 



Fig. 415. Fig. 416. Fig. 417. 



Lophium mytilinum. 



Fig. 415. A perithecium, seen sidewise. 

 Fig. 416. The same, seen endwise. 

 Fig. 417. A perithecium cut open. 



Magn. 25 diams. 



within the carbonaceous perithecium consists 

 of erect asci mixed with paraphyses, con- 

 taining minute spores, and soon falling away 

 into a powder. L. mytilinum, Pers. (figs. 

 415-7) occurs on the bark or naked wood 

 of fir-trees. L. elatum, Carm. also occurs 

 on fir- wood. These plants are known from 



