TUBERCULARIA. 



[ 657 ] TUMORS. 



It sometimes becomes a question as to 

 whether a morbid deposit consists of tubercle 

 or not. The diagnosis must be founded 

 mainly upon negative characters : the ab- 

 sence of the elements of other abnormal pro- 

 ducts, as those of inflammation, cancer, &c. 



In cretaceous tubercle, carbonate and 

 phosphate of lime, usually in the amorphous 

 state, are met with. 



BIBL. Works on Medicine; Lebert, Phys. 

 Pathol.; Hasse,Patholog. Anatomy (Syden- 

 ham Soc. Vol.) ; Vogel, Pathol. Anat. (by 

 Day); Wedl, Path. Anat. 365; Forster, 

 Path. Anat. i. 312, & ii. 156; Rokitansky, 

 Path. Anat. i. & iii. 



TUBERCULARIA, Tode. A supposed 

 genus of Stilbacei (Hyphomycetous Fungi), 

 but apparently only preparatory forms of 

 Sphseriaceous Fungi. T. vulgaris is a state 

 of Nectria (Sphteria) cinnabarina ; it is ex- 

 tremely common, in autumn and winter, on 

 dead sticks, damp wooden palings, stumps, 

 &c., forming scarlet-orange rounded nodules 

 or irregular masses of fleshy consistence, 

 sometimes more or less stipitate, composed of 

 parenchymatous tissue, the surface at a certain 

 stiige exhibiting the ends of the filaments 

 terminating in chains of cellules breaking up 

 into a pulverulent substance. These cellules 

 are probably the conidia of the Nectria. 



TUBULI URINIFERI. See KIDNEYS 

 (p. 373). 



TUBULIPORA, Lam. A genus of Po- 

 lypi, of the order Bryozoa, and family Tubu- 

 liporidae. 



Char. Polypidoms calcareous, depressed, 

 orbicular, lobed, or divided dichotomously ; 

 the cells suberect, aggregate, long and tubu- 

 lar, with a round, unconstricted aperture; 

 polypes with an uninterrupted circle of ci- 

 liated tentacula. Marine. 



Nine British species. Some of them are 

 common upon shells, sea-weeds, &c. 



PL 33. fig. 30 represents a species (not 

 British). 



BIBL. Johnston, British Zoophytes, 266. 



TUBURCINIA, Fries. An obscure genus 

 of microscopic Fungi, referred by Fries to 

 the Sepedonei (Hyphomycetous Fungi), 

 growing in roots and tubers, or on leaves, 

 forming 'scabs.' The evanescent mycelium 

 creeps through the tissue of the infected 

 organ, and produces solitary globular spores, 

 of cellular texture (hollow), ultimately be- 

 coming free. T. Scabies forms one kind of 

 scab on potatoes (not that in the ordinary 

 disease). 



BIBL. Berk. Hort. Journal, i. p. 33. pi. 4. 



figs. 30, 31, Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. v. p. 

 464 ; Fries, Summa Veg. p. 497. 



TUMORS. Under this head we shall 

 make a few brief remarks upon some of the 

 more interesting elements of certain tumors 

 and other morbid growths. 



Cancer. The most constantly present 

 elements of a cancerous growth are, 1 . or- 

 ganic molecules and granules, with globules 

 of fat ; 2. fibres ; and 3. cells in all stages of 

 development. As occasional or accidental 

 elements, are found, 4. fibro-plastic cells ; 

 5. granule-cells; 6. pigment; 7- inorganic 

 matters, in the form of molecules, granules, 

 and crystals ; and 8. the products of inflam- 

 mation. 



The cells only require distinct notice, the 

 other elements resembling those usually met 

 with in other healthy or morbid products. 

 They are comparatively large, varying con- 

 siderably in diameter, of a rounded ob- 

 long or ovate form, usually arranged in no 

 definite order in the intervals of the fibres 

 (PL 30. figs. 11 & 12), although sometimes 

 in the meshes formed by the aggregation of 

 the fibres into loose bundles (fig. 17). Their 

 most important feature is the indication of 

 endogenous growth, shown by their usually 

 containing numerous nuclei and nucleoli, or 

 secondary and tertiary cells. In some of 

 them a tendency to the formation of fibres is 

 evidenced by the elongation of their ends 

 (fig. 21). When acted upon by acetic acid, 

 the primary cell becomes pale and transpa- 

 rent, the nuclei or inner cells remaining di- 

 stinct. 



The interspaces of the cells and fibres are 

 occupied by a pale yellowish or colourless 

 liquid ; and the cells are so loosely imbedded 

 in the fibrous basis, that on scraping the 

 surface of a section of a cancer, numerous 

 cells are found in the juice thus obtained. 



The number of fibres present varies ac- 

 cording to the form or stage of development 

 of the cancer. In hard or schirrous cancer, 

 they preponderate, the cells being few ; 

 whilst in soft or medullary cancer they are 

 scanty, the cells being very abundant ; glo- 

 bules of fat usually also abound in the latter 

 form. 



Other varieties of cancer have received 

 special names. Thus, when the capillaries 

 are very numerous and distended, extrava- 

 sated blood being also frequently present, 

 we have haematoid cancer, or fungus ha3ma- 

 todes; when the fibres are grouped into 

 bundles, forming marked areolae, we have 

 areolar, colloid or gelatiniform cancer (PL 30. 



2u 



