THE APPLE ORCHARD. 



I0 5 



placed in the stock and the cuts are all covered with grafting 

 wax, which is composed of a mixture of tallow or linseed oil, 



Fi?. 52. Whip or tongue-graft- 

 iru on root. Used also in the 

 case of small stocks. 



ig- 53. Grafting in cleft or split 

 limb. Used in the case of 'arge 

 limbs. In very large limbs two 

 scions are inserted on opposite 

 sides cf the cleft. 



beeswax, and resin (about i, 2, 4 parts by weight of each). A 

 very important point is to have the layer just underneath the 

 bark (the cambium layer) of both stock and scion exactly 

 opposite or against each other. Why is this important ? The 

 living part of a trunk or branch lies between the sapwood and 

 the bark ; it is the thin layer of moist woody fibre just under- 

 neath the bark. If we bring the living layer of the stock and 

 the living layer of the scion together, the sap from the one will 

 flow into the other, and the root and stem will continue to 

 ndurish the new branch. The nature of the fruit depends 

 upon the kind of branch. 



PRUNING.- The leaves and new branches are formed before 

 the fruit, so that, if the tree is inclined to become very branchy, 

 most of the food may be used up in producing new wood, and 

 very little will be left for fruit. Therefore, in many varieties, 

 pruning is very important. The proper time is to begin with 



