40 UNIVERSITIES: ACTUAL AND IDEAL. 



with three mighty powers, the power of the invisible 

 God, the power of my fellow Man, and the power of 

 brute Nature. Let your learning be turned to the 

 study of these powers, that I may know how I am to 

 comport myself with regard to them." In answer to 

 tliis demand, some of the Masters of the Faculty of 

 Arts devoted themselves to the study of Theology, 

 some to that of Law, and some to that of Medicine ; 

 and they became Doctors men learned in those tech- 

 nical, or, as we now call them, professional, branches 

 of knowledge. Like cleaving to like, the Doctors formed 

 schools, or Faculties, of Theology, Law, and Medicine, 

 which sometimes assumed airs of superiority over their 

 parent, the Faculty of Arts, though the latter always 

 asserted and maintained its fundamental supremacy. 



The Faculties arose by process of natural differentia- 

 tion out of the primitive University. Other constitu- 

 ents, foreign to its nature, were speedily grafted upon 

 it. One of these extraneous elements was forced into 

 it by the Roman Church, which in those days asserted 

 with effect, that which it now asserts, happily without 

 any effect in these realms, its right of censorship and 

 control over all teaching. The local habitation of the 

 University lay partly in the lands attached to the monas- 

 tery of S. Genevieve, partly in the diocese of the Bishop 

 of Paris ; and he who would teach must have the licence 

 of the Abbot, or of the Bishop, as the nearest representa- 

 tive of the Pope, so to do, which licence was granted by 

 the Chancellors of these Ecclesiastics. 



