THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICINE. 337 



piled the data upon which the earliest generalisations 

 of medicine, as an inductive science, were based. 



In this state, pathology, like all the inductive sciences 

 at their origin, was merely natural history ; it registered 

 the phenomena of disease, classified them, and ventured 

 upon a prognosis, wherever the observation of constant 

 co-existences and sequences suggested a rational expec- 

 tation of the like recurrence under similar circumstances. 



Further than this it hardly went. In fact, in the 

 then state of knowledge, and in the condition of philo- 

 sophical speculation at that time, neither the causes of 

 the morbid state, nor the rationale of treatment, were 

 likely to be sought for as we seek for them now. The 

 anger of a god was a sufficient reason for the existence 

 of a malady, and a dream ample warranty for therapeu- 

 tic measures ; that a physical phenomenon must needs 

 have a physical cause was not the implied or expressed 

 axiom that it is to us moderns. 



The great man whose name is inseparately connected 

 with the foundation of medicine, Hippocrates, certainly 

 knew very little, indeed practically nothing, of anatomy 

 or physiology ; and he would, probably, have been per- 

 plexed, even to imagine the possibility of a connection 

 between the zoological studies of his contemporary 

 Democritus and medicine. Nevertheless, in so far as 

 he, and those who worked before and after him, in the 

 same spirit, ascertained, as matters of experience, that a 

 wound, or a luxation, or a fever, presented such and such 

 symptoms, and that the return of the patient to health 



