REPORT ON THE RADIOLARIA. clxxix 



56. 1879. WALLICH, G. C., Observations on the Thalassicollidae. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, voL iii. 



p. 97. 



57. 1866. STUART, ALEXANDER, Ueber Coscinosphsera ciliosa, eine neue Eadiolarie ( = Globigerina echinoides !!). 



Zeitsehr. f. wiss. ZooL, Bd. xvL p. 328, Taf. xviii. (Compare L. N. 26, p. 9.) 



58. 1870. STUABT, ALEXANDER, Neapolitanische Studien. Gottinger Nachr., p. 99, and Zeitsehr. f. wiss. 



ZooL, Bd. xxii. p. 290 (" Blue Siliceous Crystals" in Collozoum inerme !). 



59. 1871. MACDONALD, JOHN DENIS, Remarks on the Structure of Polycystina (Astromma Yelvertoni = 



Euchitonia Miilleri). Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. viii. p. 226. 



60. 1871. DOENITZ, W., Beobachtungen iiber Radiolarien. Archiv f. Anat. u. PJiysiol., 1871, p. 71, Taf. ii. 



(Compare L. N. 26, p. 7.) 



252. Progress of our Knowledge of the Radiolaria from 1862 to 1885. The 

 history of our scientific knowledge of the Eadiolaria extends over about half a century 

 (from 1834 to 1885). A historical and critical discussion of the works which appeared 

 within the first twenty-eight years of this period (from 1834 to 1862) is contained in 

 the historical introduction to my Monograph (L. N. 16, pp. 124) ; I shall therefore 

 give here only a brief survey of the investigations published during the last twenty- 

 three years (from 1862 to 1885). The most important steps in our progress during this 

 period we owe to the following naturalists : Cienkowski (1871), Ehrenberg (1872 and 

 1875), Richard Hertwig (1876 and 1879), Karlt Brandt (1881 and 1885), Biitschli (1882), 

 and Bust (1885). To the valuable works of these authors must be added a number 

 of smaller contributions, which are recorded in the foregoing Bibliography. Some 

 communications from dilettanti, written with insufficient knowledge of the subject, 

 and hence of no value, are mentioned for the sake of completeness in the "Phaulographic 

 Appendix " (compare L. N. 55-60, also L. N. 26, p. 9). 



The first important advance in our knowledge of the organisation of the Radiolaria, 

 made after the publication of my Monograph (1862), was the demonstration of the 

 nature of the extracapsular " yellow cells." In the year 1870 I showed that these 

 yellow cells contain starch (L. N. 21, p. 519). I regarded them, as did all authors up to 

 that time, as integral parts of the Radiolarian organism, and hence considered this to be 

 multicellular ; for no doubt was possible regarding the true cellular nature of these 

 remarkable, nucleated, yellow globules, which I had thoroughly studied in 1862. It was 

 first shown by Cienkowski in 1871 that the yellow cells of the Collodaria remain 

 unchanged even after the death of these organisms, " that they continue to grow 

 uninterruptedly, and eventually multiply by division " (L. N. 22, pp. 378-380, Taf. xix. 

 figs. 30-36). Cienkowski concluded from these important observations that the yellow 

 cells are not integral parts of the Radiolarian body, but "parasitic structures," 

 independent, unicellular organisms, which live only as parasites in the body of the 

 Radiolaria (compare 90). 



This important recognition underwent ten years later a further development and 

 complete establishment by the extensive investigations of Karl Brandt (L. N. 38, 39 



