CHAPTER IV 



THE INCIDENCE OF RATES AND TAXES AS 

 AFFECTING THE AGRICULTURAL INTERESTS 



SOME of the most difficult questions in 

 taxation arise in regard to the real 

 incidence and the ulterior effects. Unfor- 

 tunately, also, they are of fundamental 

 importance. If they are evaded, the whole 

 superstructure of reform may be faulty, and 

 the new system may be worse than the old. 

 This is well expressed in the Memorandum 

 by Sir Edward Hamilton, which forms the 

 introduction to the volume of the answers 

 on the classification and incidence of 

 imperial and local taxes given by the 



leading experts on the subject to a 



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