16 FAULTS OF TERMINOLOGY. 



4. Hydrophobia is an instance both of the unnecessary 

 multiplication of technical terms and of their ambiguity. It 

 is most unnecessarily and mischievously applied to man in 

 contradistinction to rabies in other animals, while the term 

 ' hydrophobia ' itself is highly objectionable, as based upon a 

 mere symptom that frequently or generally does not exist, 

 and that is at least non-diagnostic. 



5. Madness in animals may mean any one of several very 

 different affections, including especially insanity and rabies. 

 Rabies itself is sometimes spoken of as ' distemper madness ' 

 (Philpots), making 'confusion worse confounded.' A very 

 common and a very serious mistake of a city populace is to 

 confound mere excitement in the hunted, terrified dog or 

 ox with rabies or madness. The animal that is simply over- 

 driven, houseless, starving, nervous, and timid, becomes 

 excited under the influence of man's foolish hue and cry, and 

 naturally takes to flight, endeavouring, and sensibly, to escape 

 from its tormentors. The 'fury,' 'furiosity', ' infuriation,' 

 'ferocity,' or so forth that is occasionally developed, with its 

 accompanying or resultant danger to human life, is simply 

 and entirely due, in the majority of cases, to man's own 

 stupidity and inhumanity. 



6. The popular terminology of insanity in the lower ani- 

 mals includes such vague terms as 'frenzy' and 'franticness.' 



The current terminology of mental philosophy abounds in 

 sources of perplexity to the student. He has perpetually to 

 encounter the misuse of certain terms ; the inexactness and 

 multiplicity of the applications of others, even by professed 

 naturalists ; the variety and contrariety of definitions ; the 

 impossibility of defining some; the employment of others 

 sometimes in a vague, popular, comprehensive sense on the 

 one hand, and in a strictly scientific sense on the other. The 

 following are instructive illustrations of some of these diffi- 

 culties or sources of difficulty : 



1. As has already been shown> and as will appear in the 

 sequel, the all-important term and quality consciousness may 

 be used, as it is throughout this work, in its ordinary, 

 popular, vague, and comprehensive sense as applicable in 

 different degrees to man, the lower animals, and possibly 



