62 EVOLUTION OF MIND 



ment. It protects its ova from danger, real or supposed. 

 The female guards the hatching ground, while the male is 

 prepared to fight in defence of the female and her ova. 

 When brooding the latter shows constant vigilance in the care 

 of her eggs, bestows unwearied attention upon them, protect- 

 ing them from every threatened injury, the male in the 

 meantime looking savage and making feints of attack upon 

 threatening intruders or enemies (Lee). There is every 

 reason to suppose that in such cases imagination is at work 

 in the mother or father, or both, creating ideas of danger 

 where no real danger exists, or exaggerating the character 

 of any danger that may be threatened. And if, as is 

 probable, imagination is at work in the parent octopus and 

 imagination, moreover, that may be morbid in its intensity 

 this mental quality or condition obviously exists in animals 

 very much lower in the zoological scale. 



Professor Kollman, of Munich, who studied its habits in 

 the Naples Aquarium, describes the octopus as recognising 

 its keepers, 'actually manifesting attachment for these 

 men;' as resenting the intrusion of new-comers into the 

 tank with 'jealous hate;' as showing courage and persist- 

 ency in its attack on prey, as well as intelligence in the 

 mode of getting at its prey by climbing over a barrier 

 between two tanks ; as exhibiting rivalry in love, with its 

 usual result in much higher animals jealousy and com- 

 bativeness amounting even to ' ferocity ; ' as manifesting 

 ' energy, fierceness, and determination ' in the protection of 

 the eggs ; as expressing emotional changes or states by 

 play of colour through nearly all the shades of the rainbow, 

 ' so that it is easy to tell, therefore, whether he is angry, 

 pleased, frightened, or sleepy.' The squid in the Brighton 

 Aquarium is described as performing quadrille figures in 

 other words, as dancing (Lee). 



In the Gasteropoda, pairing is preceded by courtship ; they 

 contract attachments, and there is association of ideas (Elain). 

 There is also a perception of time, inasmuch as stated feed- 

 ing hours are punctually observed (Houzeau). Snails are 

 capable of concerted action. 



Now, if we review carefully, and analyse, the various 



