64 EVOLUTION OF MIND 



2. Memory must occur at a very early stage in the 

 zoological scale, and there are authors who ascribe it even 

 to plants. Among the Invertebrata it has been specially 

 noted in insects, Crustacea, and Arachnida (Houzeau), and 

 in Mollusca (Macalister). 



3. Volition, or will in the form of perseverance, de- 

 cision, and intention in prosecution of a definite purpose, 

 end, aim, or object is also displayed among the lowest 

 animals, in connection especially with the search for, pursuit, 

 and capture of food or prey. 



4. Feeling, emotion, and passion are exhibited in a con- 

 siderable variety of ways, including the conjointly physical 

 and mental feelings of pleasure and pain, as well as the 

 emotions of fear, grief, love, revenge, anger, patience and 

 impatience, cruelty or ferocity, jealousy, rivalry and compe- 

 tition. 



5. Thought is involved in many of the operations of the 

 ant, bee, octopus, and other animals. Kirby and Spence 

 most properly assign both reason and instinct to various 

 insects ; and there is every ground for supposing that such 

 a combination characterises, in a different degree only, the 

 lowest of the Invertebrata. 



6. Love (sexual), preceded by courtship and leading to 

 pairing. 



7. Affection or attachment, including friendship or com- 

 panionship, parental or fraternal, is exhibited by the octopus, 

 hermit crab, and other animals. 



8. Choice is illustrated in the selection of the proper 

 aliment or of a mate. 



9. Adaptation of means to an end, including ingenuity in 

 the devising and use of the proper means ; and the applica- 

 tion of test or experiment. 



10. Calculation or estimation of the strength or weakness 

 of material, and of space, height or distance, and weight, 

 involving the practical application of certain principles of 

 mechanics. 



11. Appetite or desire for food, at least exists appa- 

 rently in the very lowest animals, based probably on the 

 sensation of hunger, which prompts, stimulates, or excites to 



