70 EVOLUTION OF MIND 



be examined or observed. Among the more noteworthy cha- 

 racteristics of fishes, then, are the following : 



1. The formation of temporary alliances offensive and 

 defensive involving a common and specific object; with 

 action in concert. 



2. Conjugal, parental, and paternal love. 



3. The depressing passions, such as grief from bereave- 

 ment, sufficiently powerful sometimes to produce death. 



4. Testing the durability and strength of material. 



5. Fidelity in the discharge of duty. 



6. Self-sacrifice to the death. 



7. Development of cunning or wariness with age. 



8. Capacity for education, for being tamed and taught. 



9. Use of mechanical principles in the overcoming of diffi- 

 culties or attainment of ends, as in the case of a cod that 

 used a blast of air to propel a shelled mussel out of a basin, 

 so that it might use it as food (Jesse). 



10. Other forms of adaptation of means to ends, as in 

 the case of eels driving prey for food by forming a circle 

 round shoals of small fish, forcing them ashore (Jesse). 



11. Detection of deceit. 



12. Feelings of indignation or disgust, with their appro- 

 priate expression ; expectation, anticipation or hope, joy, 

 anxiety, confidence or fearlessness, fury, bloodthirstiness, 

 gratitude. 



13. Knowledge of locality, including boundaries. 



14. Realisation of consequences. 



15. Change or development of character with maturity- 

 shyness or timidity giving way to courage. 



16. The development of suspiciousness, which is apt, as 

 in the higher Vertebrata, to become morbid. 



17. Knowledge of and obedience to man's signals. 



18. Variation of behaviour to friends, strangers, and foes 

 (Houzeau) . 



19. Use of persuasion or solicitation, and address, in 

 courtship. 



Of the psychical character of the class Amphibia (or 

 Ftatrachia) little can at present be said. So far as we yet 

 know, there is not only no decided advance as compared 



