IX THE VERTEBRATA. 75 



chapter of this book, and are specially illustrated in such 

 chapters as those on ' Education ' and its results. And there 

 are many mental aptitudes that it possesses in common with 

 animals much lower in the zoological scale. To these I 

 cannot here do more than allude. But it is desirable to point 

 out specially the possession by the dog, or by certain dogs, 

 of 



1. The religious sense, in so far as it includes, or is made 

 up of worship of a superior being. 



2. The moral sense, or conscience, in so far as it involves 



a. Honesty. 



b. Sense of duty or trust. 



c. Sense of guilt and shame. 



d. Concealment of crime. 



3. Self-sacrifice, even to the death for instance, in the 

 life-saving of other species or genera, including man. 



4. Service to man in 



a. Begging, and so supporting man's life. 



b. Watching or guarding life or property. 



5. Understanding man's language, verbal and other, in- 

 cluding the reading of human character and mood, the 

 interpretation of facial expression. 



6. Use of money and knowledge of the practice and prin- 

 ciple of exchange or barter, of buying and selling. 



7. Self-control in the restraint of natural and imperious 

 appetites. 



8. Confederacy or co-operation with man, both in useful 

 service and in crime. 



9. Sensitiveness to insult or affront, neglect, injustice, 

 punishment, reproof. 



10. Discovery of murders and murderers, lost or stolen 

 property. 



11. Ideas of time, tune, number, order, succession of 

 events. 



The mental endowments of the anthropomorphous apes, 

 such as especially the chimpanzee and orang, are obviously 

 correlated with their structure and habits ; and a similar cor- 

 relation is to be observed throughout the animal kingdom. 

 Among the psychical characters of apes and monkeys the 



