114 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MAN 



various of its appendages, from the same cause as that which 

 immediately produces a temporary hypereemia of texture, 

 must or may be regarded as an equivalent to blushing, 

 while the feelings which give rise to the blush in man are 

 expressed in other ways in other animals, though not less 

 eloquently e.g. shame and modesty. 



34. The human face, it is alleged, is an organ of expres- 

 sion an outward index of the mind whereas the brute face 

 is a weapon of offence and defence, an instrument to pro- 

 cure and prepare food (Lawrence) . There are special facial 

 muscles in man for the expression of emotion (Bell) . All such 

 statements are utterly fallacious, even absurd. It is shown in 

 the chapters on ( Language ' that the face of the horse and the 

 dog, for instance, in spite of all their covering of hair their 

 eye and look are quite as eloquent as in man, while compara- 

 tive anatomists have demonstrated their possession of the 

 same great groups of facial muscles. No doubt the ram, 

 goat, and other animals use their heads or horns to butt, 

 bruise, or tear. So does man frequently use his head to 

 butt his antagonist, and unquestionably man's mouth and 

 teeth are not invariably used in the harmless process of food 

 prehension or reception, but too frequently for the belli- 

 gerent purposes of biting or tearing. 



35. The erect posture. But it is erect or semi-erect in 

 certain anthropoid apes, and it can be assumed temporarily 

 where it is not natural in various apes or monkeys, or in the 

 Quadrumana in general. The results are to be seen in their 

 behaviour at table, their equitation, their usefulness to man 

 as sailors, stokers, or domestic servants. 



36. The size, strength, and general structure of body. 

 But man cannot compare in strength or size with the elephant 

 and many other animals, while the anthropoid apes resemble 

 him closely in the general structure of his body there being, 

 no doubt, differences in the degree of complexity of certain 

 organs, such as the brain. How little mere size, strength, 

 or bodily structure has to do with the degree or kind of 

 intelligence exhibited by an animal is shown by the ant, 

 which in many respects is the intellectual superior of count- 

 less numbers both of men and elephants. 



