SUPREMACY OF MAN. 123 



the pottery worker of Staffordshire, the hind or yokel of 

 Yorkshire. 



6. The civilised or cultured adult and the existing 

 savage or the prehistoric troglodyte. 



These differences are very remarkable, whether considered 

 as regards their nature or their extent so much so that 

 various authors regard them as pointing to kind as well as, 

 or rather than mere, degree. The intellectual difference is 

 not so great, perhaps, between an idiot and a person of 

 average intelligence as between the latter and a Shake- 

 speare or a Newton. The theological and the scientific mind, 

 the poetic and the prosaic, the masculine and the feminine, the 

 logical or mathematical and their antitheses, are by many 

 regarded as essentially differing in kind or character. Those 

 who support such a view argue that no cultivation of the 

 one, as a rule, ever produces the other that the agricultural 

 peasant of the Cambridge fens cannot be metamorphosed 

 into the wrangler of the Cambridge University. In other 

 words, it is held by certain authors that there is a psychical 

 difference in kind between higher and lower man even in the 

 same race, inhabiting the same district or country. By other 

 authorities, again, equally competent, it is contended that 

 all these and other singular contrasts, however great, are 

 mere differences in degree. In short, even as regards man 

 himself there has been endless discussion as to whether the 

 striking psychical differences that characterise certain indi- 

 viduals, classes, and races are distinctions of degree or of 

 kind, or of both in various proportions. There have been 

 many able advocates of all these views, and in a sense all 

 have been right, though here, as in so many other questions 

 affecting our views of mind and its constituents, all or much 

 depends on our definition of the terms employed. 



All that we have to do, however, with such unsatisfactory 

 discussions here is to show that, whether such differences in 

 man are to be regarded as of degree merely or of kind, of 

 the same nature are the mental and moral differences that 

 distinguish, or that are supposed to distinguish, man from 

 other animals. In truth, the psychical difference between 

 certain animals and certain men is much less obvious than 



