CHAPTEE II. 



THE MORAL SENSE IN OTHER ANIMALS. 



ALL the ordinary definitions of what is variously called in 

 man the moral sense, sentiment, feeling, faculty, or instinct, 

 apply, though not necessarily equally, in the same degree, 

 with quite the same sense or force, to an equivalent mental 

 attribute or series of psychical qualities in other animals, and 

 which attribute or qualities in other animals there is no 

 good reason for distinguishing by any other name, simply 

 because they are to be found in animals zoologically lower 

 than man. 



Thus the moral sense in man has been defined by differ- 

 ent classes of authors to be, or to include 



1. A knowledge, appreciation, or sense of - 



a. Right and wrong. 



b. Good and evil. 



c. Justice and injustice. 



2. Conscience, involving feelings of approbation or the 

 reverse in relation to ideas of right and wrong. 



3. The approval of what is conducive to well-being, and 

 the disapproval of the reverse. 



4. Sense of duty and of moral obligation. 



5. Appreciation of the results of honesty and dishonesty. 



6. Virtue or virtuousness, including especially such moral 

 virtues as 



Conscientiousness. Charity. 



Scrupulousness. Mercy. 



Integrity. Magnanimity. 



Compassion. Disinterestedness. 



Benevolence. Chastity. 



Fidelity. Modesty. 



