CHAPTER IV. 



MORAL RESPONSIBILITY. 



IT has been shown in other chapters that certain animals 



1. Possess a sense of right and wrong 



2. With a power of choice between them. 



3. Commit crimes, and are aware of the criminality of 

 their acts. 



4. Have a wonderful power of self-control. 



5. Possess not only a moral but a religious sense, in- 

 cluding a conscience. 



6. Have a knowledge and dread of consequences. 



7. Can deliberate and decide on proposed courses of con- 

 duct. 



8. Have freedom of will, the faculty of voluntary action. 



9. Balance or weigh present or immediate pleasures 

 against prospective pains. 



10. Appreciate rewards and punishments. 



11. Perceive and correct their own mistakes, as well fre- 

 quently as those of man. 



12. Have a knowledge of duty or trust. 



Such moral and mental qualities seem to me necessarily 

 to imply or involve moral responsibility. Various writers 

 experience no difficulty in conceding such a psychical quality 

 to certain of the lower animals. 



Practically man in a variety of ways recognises animal re- 

 sponsibility. He does so, for instance, in all forms of training 

 or education which are based on the application of the prin- 

 ciple of rewards and punishments, and on certain of the moral 

 or mental qualities immediately above enumerated. It is re- 

 cognised more conspicuously and directly in the judgment of 



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