EDUCATION OF ANIMALS BY MAN. 267 



companion even for his master, and is just as likely to 

 attack his master as a stranger if his blood be up ' ( ( Animal 

 World'). This is only one, however, of many illustrations 

 that might be given of man's evil training recoiling upon 

 himself, of merited retribution, of the punishments of 

 Nemesis. 



'The natural connection between democracy and irre- 

 verence it was that led Plato to make the observation that 

 even the dogs of Athens had a certain look of impertinence 

 about them, which was not observed in Sparta' (Blackie). 

 Various writers have pointed out that, according to the cha- 

 racter of its master and his household, a dog shows humility 

 or self-depreciation on the one hand, arrogance or impudent 

 self-assertion on the other. 



There may be said to be two great antagonistic courses of 

 educational treatment pursued by man viz. the rule or 

 reign of 



1. Fear and 



2. Love respectively. 



They lead frequently to the same apparent result obedience 

 in servitude. But the nature of the obedience and the 

 motive of the service rendered are very different, usually and 

 necessarily, in the two cases. In the first the result of severe 

 discipline includes a constant dread of punishment, a com- 

 pulsory and probably temporary tranquillity or docility, 

 always marked, or liable to be marked, by timidity and 

 nervousness, and in the horse by a tendency to shy and run 

 off. In the second case there is a calm, steady confidence in, 

 if not an attachment to, its master or rider, if the animal be 

 a horse (Pierquin). 



The Ettrick shepherd, Walsh, and other writers show, 

 in regard to the shepherd's dog, how powerful an agency 

 is man 9 s kindly companionship in the development and cul- 

 tivation of the animal's sagacity; how the shrewdness of 

 the master reacts insensibly, but favourably, on the intelli- 

 gence of his collie. 



The pariah or outcast dogs of Indian cities, too, reflect 

 the mildness and kindness of their masters, the Hindoos, 

 and form a remarkable contrast to the same class of dogs 



