EDUCATION OF ANIMALS BY MAN. 271 



the superior power, intelligence, and will of another, the 

 subservience of a weaker to a stronger animal in the case 

 of apes that lay hold of dogs and use them as man does the 

 horse ride upon them or otherwise employ them as beasts 

 of burden. 



Domestication and taming may be synonymous; but 

 they are not necessarily so, for it cannot be said that all 

 animals that are tamed by man are domesticated. Domes- 

 tication implies perfect resignation to man's power and 

 sovereignty, as well as free and full companionship or fel- 

 lowship. All this exists in the case of the dog, cat, horse, 

 elephant, ox, pig, and our common fowls and song birds. 

 But it cannot be said to occur in the case of the majority 

 at least of menagerie animals of those exhibited in our 

 Zoological Gardens. 



In the itinerant exhibitions known as e happy families ' 

 even the tameness is more superficial than real; the ap- 

 parent harmony is liable to be disturbed for instance, by 

 the pangs of hunger or by fright. Nevertheless they are 

 wonderful and suggestive illustrations of man's power of so 

 training the most unpromising animal pupils as to lead to 

 the control, unless under exceptional circumstances, of their 

 strong natural instincts, appetites, or passions. It is as- 

 tonishing what man can achieve in the taming of animals 

 by the practical application of such qualities as patience, 

 perseverance, sympathy, kindness, mercy, if only the ani- 

 mals are taken in hand at a very early stage of their 

 growth. 



Frederick Cuvier mentions a tame wolf that, thus trained 

 by man from the youngest stage upwards, became c as tract- 

 able as a dog.' 



Sir John Lubbock contrived to tame the wasp. The 

 reputedly intractable otter has been tamed and taught to 

 fish for man's benefit instead of its own (Baird). The 

 taming of a brace of butterflies, and teaching them to come 

 at call, is mentioned by Wood. Many apparently dangerous 

 wild animals have become by training substitutes for the 

 dog or cat as house pets or for the horse as beasts of burden 

 e.g. the Cape hyaena, Madagascar lemur, American skunk, 



