294 LANGUAGE IN OTHER ANIMALS. 



causes may have the most different significance. The 

 most opposite passions or emotions such as joy and grief, 

 pleasure and anger may produce the same or a similar 

 result (Eeynolds, Darwin). 



The orang expresses anger, joy, and peevishness by 

 stamping (Cassell) . The hen's well-known cluck may signify 

 either (a) food discover}^ or (ft) satisfaction at the delivery 

 of an egg, or (c) maternal pride at seeing her brood around 

 her (Darwin). 



The camel expresses, by the same sound, likes and dis- 

 likes, pleasure and annoyance (Drake). Elevation or 

 depression of head-crests, wattles, or ruffs occurs equally 

 from fear, surprise, and curiosity. Elevation or depression 

 of the crest in the cockatoo may arise from agitation, 

 surprise, curiosity, fear (Baird). Fondling or caressing of 

 the young by mothers is the result of love, grief, or regret. 

 Expressions that in the monkey denote pleasure, in the dog 

 may proceed from anger, irritation, or displeasure (Darwin). 



The howl of the dog may proceed from, (a) bodily pain ; 

 (b) loss of way or master ; (c) any kind of disappointment ; 

 (d) grief, anger, despair, or even mere impatience ; or (e) a 

 disagreeable or agreeable note in music striking on its sen- 

 sitive ear. Wailing may arise from bodily pain, grief, expos- 

 tulation, protest, or refusal. 



The mewing of the cat may express anguish, sadness, 

 melancholy the result of ungratified love (Pierquin) or it 

 may be a mere signal of demand or petition its form of 

 making request for instance, to be admitted to, or allowed 

 exit from, some given room. Moaning may be a sign equally 

 of grief, of mental pain, or of that which is purely physical 

 (Cobbe). The snort of the horse may express fear or aver- 

 sion, or both. The snorting of the musk ox 'is a sign 

 either of fear or anger,' says Captain Koldeway. 



The screams of crows may denote joy, fun, or mischief. 

 The bleat of the sheep and lamb may arise from petition for 

 aid, enquiry as to the place of a missing mother or offspring, 

 intimation of danger or of accident, maternal gratitude or 

 affection (Watson). The grin of the ape may indicate either 

 anger or fun (Wallace). Flight may be the result of defeat, 



