EXPRESSIVENESS OF ANIMAL LANGUAGE. 327 



5. To give expression to their emotions or feelings, 

 changes of mood or temper, passions, appetites or desires 

 including their sense of hunger and thirst of cold, heat, or 

 fatigue. 



6. To give warning of danger including the use of 

 signals. 



7. To attract notice or attention. 



8. To intimidate or terrify, including menacing or 

 threatening, in jest or earnest for instance, in 



a. Practical jokes. 

 6. Prey-capture. 

 c. War or defence. 



9. To charm, captivate, or fascinate 

 a. The other sex in courtship. 



fe. Prey in order to their capture. 



10. To issue orders or commands ; make requests or de- 

 mands. 



11. To make responses or replies. 



12. To demonstrate or point out places or things de- 

 sirable, or the reverse. 



13. To repress or conceal their real feelings, ideas, or 

 intentions. 



14. To challenge to trials of strength in love-rivalry, 

 war, or competition for leaderships. 



Such a specification of the applications of animal language, 

 however, gives no adequate idea of its expressiveness. In 

 order to the formation of some proper conception of the 

 number and variety of the mental states represented by the 

 different forms of language in the lower animals, the follow- 

 ing alphabetical table has been compiled. The words or 

 terms used or enumerated are those employed by the va- 

 rious writers mentioned in the Bibliography. No doubt 

 some terms are mere synonyms of certain others, different 

 writers using different words to express what is virtually 

 the same idea ; but, in other cases, even where words 

 may appear to be, or to be capable of being made or re- 

 garded as, synonymous, there are shades of difference, 

 which may or may not be apparent with or without due 

 observation and reflection that is to say, without proper 



