INTELLIGIBILITY OF EACH OTHER'S LANGUAGE. 335 



The dog conveys his wishes and purposes to his fellows 

 (Low), but how he does so does not always appear for 

 instance, among the pariah dogs of Damascus, according to 

 Mrs. Burton. The dog issues invitations to his companions 

 to share food, to go poaching, to assist in defence or 

 punishment, and the others accept or decline these invita- 

 tions (Cobbe). 



Certain animals use different danger signals for different 

 kinds or degrees of danger, and their relative significance is 

 thoroughly understood by those for whom they are intended. 

 Certain other animals engage in their assemblies in discussion 

 or debate, which is understood by the whole body of auditors 

 or spectators. The alarm notes of the sentinels of many 

 gregarious animals are instantly understood. In ants on the 

 march there is communication of intelligence throughout 

 the troop. They show their mutual understanding in asking 

 aid, issuing invitations, and giving advice (Figuier) . 



Bees give each other information of their projects. Their 

 sentinel or watchman issues his summons to defence, which 

 command is instantly understood and obeyed. They ( beat to 

 arms ' (figuratively) when defence becomes necessary in 

 threatened danger (Figuier). Their power of communication 

 with each other before they swarm is commented on by 

 Watson. The warning cry of cattle in danger collects the 

 whole herd, to act on the defensive or offensive (Pierquin). 

 The despatch and reception of news is described in rooks by 

 Watson. The issuing and accepting of invitations is illus- 

 trated by bower-birds inviting their neighbours to their 

 dancing assemblies. 



Sound becomes an important means of establishing iden- 

 tity of recognising each other when there is a change 

 both of aspect and smell. For instance, the bleat of the 

 sheep or lamb, after sheep-shearing or washing, leads to 

 mutual recognition by mother and offspring (White). Be- 

 sponse of the young to the old to the parental call -notes 

 of birds, for instance implies an understanding on both 

 sides of the significance of the sounds (Houzeau). 



According to Belt, foraging ants follow each other by 

 scent, and communicate intelligence for example, as to the 



